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Questions and Answers
Which of the following compounds is considered organic?
Which of the following compounds is considered organic?
- Glucose (correct)
- Calcium carbonate
- Water
- Sodium chloride
Which statement correctly describes polymerization?
Which statement correctly describes polymerization?
- It refers to the combination of organic and inorganic compounds.
- It exclusively applies to carbohydrates.
- It breaks down large compounds into smaller units.
- It is the process of linking monomers to form macromolecules. (correct)
What is the typical ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
What is the typical ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
- 1:2:1 (correct)
- 1:2:2
- 1:1:1
- 2:1:2
Which type of carbohydrate consists of two monosaccharides?
Which type of carbohydrate consists of two monosaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic macromolecule?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic macromolecule?
What is the primary structure of proteins primarily defined by?
What is the primary structure of proteins primarily defined by?
Which of the following functions does hemoglobin primarily perform?
Which of the following functions does hemoglobin primarily perform?
Which description accurately represents lipids?
Which description accurately represents lipids?
What is the characteristic component of nucleotides in nucleic acids?
What is the characteristic component of nucleotides in nucleic acids?
What plays a major role in the secondary structure of proteins?
What plays a major role in the secondary structure of proteins?
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Study Notes
Elements and Compounds of the Human Body
- Living organisms consist of inorganic and organic compounds.
- Organic compounds contain carbon, often bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Inorganic compounds comprise elements other than carbon and include salts, minerals, and water.
Organic Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules formed by polymerization of smaller units called monomers.
- Four key classes of organic macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically in a C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1.
- Serve as a primary energy source and provide structural support in plants and some animals.
- Types of carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose); formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
- Disaccharides: Formed from two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose; formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).
- Polysaccharides: Large macromolecules (e.g., glycogen, cellulose) composed of many monosaccharides.
Proteins
- Large biomolecules made of amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds.
- Composed of 20 different amino acids used by the human body.
- Protein structure levels:
- Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary: Folding into spirals or pleats via hydrogen bonds.
- Tertiary: Unique three-dimensional shape formed by further folding.
- Quaternary: Assembly of multiple tertiary structures.
- Functions of proteins:
- Catalyzing biological reactions through enzymes.
- Transporting oxygen via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
- Coordinating muscle movement with contractile proteins (actin, myosin).
- Supporting growth and differentiation.
- Providing structural support, e.g., collagen in skin and bones.
Lipids
- Hydrophobic organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Types include fats, oils, waxes, and component parts of membranes.
- Serve as energy-storage molecules and signaling molecules.
Nucleic Acids
- Large biomolecules crucial for all known forms of life, consisting of nucleotides.
- Each nucleotide includes:
- A nitrogenous base (aromatic).
- A pentose sugar (five-carbon).
- A phosphate group.
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