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Questions and Answers
What are the two types of temporalis muscles?
What are the two types of temporalis muscles?
Superficial and deep temporalis muscles.
How do the structures of the oral cavity work?
How do the structures of the oral cavity work?
Once food enters the oral cavity, the teeth chew it and saliva partially digests it. During swallowing, the bolus is moved into the esophagus by the epiglottis, which folds down to block the trachea.
What distinguishes the different types of salivary glands?
What distinguishes the different types of salivary glands?
The parotid ducts pass saliva from the parotid glands into the oral cavity. The submandibular ducts pass saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands.
If you were showing a friend a cross-section of a tooth, you could use all of the following to explain it except:
If you were showing a friend a cross-section of a tooth, you could use all of the following to explain it except:
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What is the role of the tongue in chewing and swallowing?
What is the role of the tongue in chewing and swallowing?
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During swallowing, the epiglottis prevents choking by folding down to close off the:
During swallowing, the epiglottis prevents choking by folding down to close off the:
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What does saliva do to food in the oral cavity?
What does saliva do to food in the oral cavity?
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All of these types of teeth cut and tear food except:
All of these types of teeth cut and tear food except:
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Which of these structures relaxes voluntarily as part of defecation?
Which of these structures relaxes voluntarily as part of defecation?
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Which of the following is a similarity between peristalsis and haustral churning?
Which of the following is a similarity between peristalsis and haustral churning?
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Where does absorption of nutrients begin?
Where does absorption of nutrients begin?
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All of these are true of villi except?
All of these are true of villi except?
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How would you summarize the last few steps of the digestive process?
How would you summarize the last few steps of the digestive process?
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What happens to nutrients in the chyme as it travels through the small intestine?
What happens to nutrients in the chyme as it travels through the small intestine?
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If you were explaining the absorption structures to someone who did not understand them, you might include all of the following except:
If you were explaining the absorption structures to someone who did not understand them, you might include all of the following except:
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The taenia coli are bands of __ running along the outside of the colon.
The taenia coli are bands of __ running along the outside of the colon.
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If you wanted to explain the function of bacteria in the large intestine to someone who did not understand it, you might include all of the following except:
If you wanted to explain the function of bacteria in the large intestine to someone who did not understand it, you might include all of the following except:
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From the cecum to the rectum, the regions of the colon are:
From the cecum to the rectum, the regions of the colon are:
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If you were explaining the flow of bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine, you might say all of the following except:
If you were explaining the flow of bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine, you might say all of the following except:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding one of the secretions that contribute to digestion?
Which of the following statements is true regarding one of the secretions that contribute to digestion?
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All of the following are layers of the stomach wall except:
All of the following are layers of the stomach wall except:
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All of the following digestive processes occur in the colon except:
All of the following digestive processes occur in the colon except:
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What is the function of rugae?
What is the function of rugae?
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Which of the following is a type of salivary gland?
Which of the following is a type of salivary gland?
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If you were explaining the alimentary canal to your lab partner, which of the following points would you likely make?
If you were explaining the alimentary canal to your lab partner, which of the following points would you likely make?
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Peristaltic waves are __ that move the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach.
Peristaltic waves are __ that move the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach.
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What distinguishes a bolus from chyme?
What distinguishes a bolus from chyme?
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What is a key difference between the small and large intestine?
What is a key difference between the small and large intestine?
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Where does mechanical and chemical digestion begin?
Where does mechanical and chemical digestion begin?
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What is a bolus?
What is a bolus?
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All of the following statements are true regarding peristalsis except?
All of the following statements are true regarding peristalsis except?
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What is chyme and where is it created?
What is chyme and where is it created?
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Where does most nutrients absorption occur?
Where does most nutrients absorption occur?
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Nutrients absorbed from chyme are passed into the wall of the?
Nutrients absorbed from chyme are passed into the wall of the?
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Where is indigestible waste compacted?
Where is indigestible waste compacted?
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Where is the boundary between the upper and lower digestive tracts?
Where is the boundary between the upper and lower digestive tracts?
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All of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system except?
All of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system except?
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Which of the following accurately lists the order of the structures through which food passes as it moves through the digestive system, starting with the entry of food into the mouth through to elimination?
Which of the following accurately lists the order of the structures through which food passes as it moves through the digestive system, starting with the entry of food into the mouth through to elimination?
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Which of the following accurately describes where most of the water absorption during digestion occurs?
Which of the following accurately describes where most of the water absorption during digestion occurs?
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Which of the following accurately lists the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outermost?
Which of the following accurately lists the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outermost?
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All of the following digestive structures produce secretions that aid in chemical digestion except?
All of the following digestive structures produce secretions that aid in chemical digestion except?
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All of the following are types of salivary glands except?
All of the following are types of salivary glands except?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes saliva?
Which of the following statements accurately describes saliva?
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Bile is produced in the ___ and stored in the ___
Bile is produced in the ___ and stored in the ___
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All of the following statements accurately describe how digestive secretions aid in digestion in the small intestine except?
All of the following statements accurately describe how digestive secretions aid in digestion in the small intestine except?
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Study Notes
Digestive System Overview
- Mechanical and chemical digestion starts in the mouth.
- A bolus is a small mass of chewed food that is swallowed.
- Peristalsis involves involuntary smooth muscle contractions to move food through the digestive system.
Chyme and Nutrient Absorption
- Chyme is the mixture of food and digestive secretions formed in the stomach.
- Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.
Digestive Processes and Structures
- Indigestible waste is compacted in the large intestine.
- The boundary between upper and lower digestive tracts is located at the junction of the esophagus and small intestine.
- Accessory organs in digestion include the gallbladder, pancreas, and liver, but not the appendix.
Digestive Secretions
- Secretions aiding chemical digestion come from the stomach, intestines, gallbladder; the esophagus does not produce digestive secretions.
- Saliva contains enzymes and proteins that initiate chemical digestion of food.
- Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Pathways and Blood Flow
- The hepatic portal system drains nutrient-rich blood from the alimentary canal to the liver for processing before entering circulation.
- The larger pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) and smaller accessory duct (duct of Santorini) transport pancreatic juice.
Tongue and Muscle Functions
- Extrinsic tongue muscles move the whole tongue; they do not change its shape.
- The masseter elevates the mandible; the temporalis elevates and retracts it during chewing.
Salivary Glands and Taste
- Salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
- Taste buds are located on circumvallate and fungiform papillae.
The Stomach and Sphincters
- The stomach sphincters include the cardiac sphincter for bolus entry and pyloric sphincter for chyme exit.
- Chyme is a mixture of food, digestive enzymes, and acids, not exclusively formed in the oral cavity.
Blood Supply and Structures in Digestive Organs
- The gastroepiploic artery supplies the greater curvature, while gastric arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach.
- Rugae are folds in the stomach wall that accommodate food.
Anatomy of the Esophagus
- The esophagus extends from the laryngopharynx to the cardiac sphincter at the stomach.
Bile and Pancreatic Juice Pathways
- If bile is not used for digestion, it is stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct; pancreatic juice flows directly to the duodenum.
Mechanics of Swallowing
- During swallowing, the epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea by folding down.
- The tongue manipulates chewed food into a bolus and moves it into the oropharynx for swallowing.
Tooth Structure and Function
- Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body, while the root canal contains blood vessels and nerves for the tooth.### Digestion and Absorption
- Mechanical digestion involves breaking down food into smaller pieces, enhancing the processes of enzymatic digestion.
- Nutrient absorption initiates in the duodenum, where the majority of crucial nutrients are processed.
Tooth Types and Functions
- Canines, central incisors, and lateral incisors cut and tear food.
- Premolars do not serve the cutting and tearing function.
Defecation and Muscle Control
- The external anal sphincter relaxes voluntarily during defecation, allowing for the elimination of waste.
Digestive Movements
- Peristalsis and haustral churning both facilitate the movement of chyme through the colon.
- Water absorption occurs predominantly in the small intestine, while nutrient absorption is finalized in the large intestine.
Structures of Absorption
- Villi enhance nutrient absorption by increasing the surface area of the intestinal lining but do not propel chyme through the pyloric sphincter.
- The taenia coli are muscle bands located on the outer surface of the colon, helping to maintain structure and movement.
Bacterial Functions in the Colon
- Bacteria in the large intestine play a role in breaking down carbohydrates and releasing vitamins B and K for absorption.
- They do not absorb water; rather, they aid in processing waste and fermentation.
Regions of the Colon
- The colon consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon, in that order from the cecum to the rectum.
Bile Flow
- Bile flows from the liver through the common hepatic duct, to the cystic duct and gall bladder, and is delivered to the duodenum via the common bile duct.
- The common bile duct does not carry bile back to the liver or cystic duct.
Digestive Secretions
- Pancreatic juice contains vital enzymes and ions that enhance digestion in the small intestine, facilitating breakdown and absorption.
Stomach Structure
- The stomach wall comprises several layers: the outermost serosa, an oblique muscle layer, and a longitudinal muscle layer.
- The innermost layer is not a serosa; it is the mucosa.
Functions of Rugae
- Rugae are folds that allow the stomach to expand as needed, accommodating varying amounts of food without losing structural integrity.
Salivary Glands
- Parotid glands are one type of salivary gland responsible for producing saliva.
Alimentary Canal Overview
- The alimentary canal, a continuous tube, extends from the mouth to the anus and is crucial for digestion and absorption.
Muscle Contractions in Digestion
- Peristaltic waves are involuntary muscle contractions that facilitate food movement from the esophagus to the stomach.
Bolus vs. Chyme
- A bolus refers to chewed food positioned for swallowing, whereas chyme is the semi-liquid mixture produced by the action of the stomach's digestive processes.
Comparison of Intestines
- The small intestine is responsible for most nutrient absorption, while the large intestine primarily reabsorbs water, solidifying waste for excretion.
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