Zoology Monogenea Quiz

Questions and Answers

Members of the Class Monogenea are known as _________.

monogeneans

What type of parasites are monogeneans generally?

ectoparasites

If endoparasitic, where are monogeneans usually found?

inside of host's body, bladder or cloaca

What is the typical host for monogeneans?

frog Signup and view all the answers

Where on the host are monogeneans found?

On skin or gills of fish (rarely longer than about 2 cm) Signup and view all the answers

Which systems are monogeneans lacking?

Respiratory, Circulatory, Skeletal Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is either not present or weakly developed in monogeneans?

Oral suckers Signup and view all the answers

What are monogeneans' attachment structures called?

Haptors Signup and view all the answers

The anterior attachment structure of monogeneans is called?

Prohaptor Signup and view all the answers

The posterior attachment structure of monogeneans is called?

Opisthaptor Signup and view all the answers

What other structures could the opisthaptor contain?

Suckers, clamps, anchors, hooks and spines Signup and view all the answers

Which is the primary attachment structure for monogeneans?

Opisthaptor Signup and view all the answers

What type of life cycle do monogeneans have?

Direct life cycle Signup and view all the answers

What does a direct life cycle refer to?

1 host, no intermediate host is required for the parasite to reproduce Signup and view all the answers

Can monogeneans cause death to their hosts?

True Signup and view all the answers

Are monogeneans monoecious or dioecious?

True Signup and view all the answers

What 2 ways can monogeneans reproduce?

oviparous, viviparous Signup and view all the answers

Describe the oviparous reproductive method.

release eggs onto the water column that hatch and mature prior to seeking a new host Signup and view all the answers

What is the larval stage known as that hatches from the oviparous reproduction?

oncomiracidium Signup and view all the answers

What is viviparous reproduction?

release live larvae that are immediately able to attach to the same host or be carried by the water to another host Signup and view all the answers

What is a heavily ciliated larval stage called?

oncomiracidium Signup and view all the answers

Monogeneans use these structures to attach to their hosts:

Haptors Signup and view all the answers

The ciliated larva of a monogenean is called:

Oncomiracidium Signup and view all the answers

A direct life cycle refers to having:

1 host Signup and view all the answers

What class do trematodes belong to?

Trematoda Signup and view all the answers

What else are trematodes called?

Flukes Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasites are trematodes?

Endoparasites Signup and view all the answers

How do trematodes attach to their host?

Suckers Signup and view all the answers

How many suckers do trematodes have?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the two suckers on trematodes called?

Oral and ventral Signup and view all the answers

What makes trematodes effective parasitic organisms?

a) Tegument (skin) is indigestible to host b) Resistant against host immune system c) Special organs of attachment (suckers) d) Elaborate life cycles e) High reproductive capability Signup and view all the answers

Which three things are reduced in trematodes?

Sense organs, Locomotion, Ability to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What type of life cycle do trematodes have?

Indirect Signup and view all the answers

Having more than one host refers to which type of life cycle?

Indirect Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate hosts?

insects, mollusks, crustaceans (where the larval stage lives) Signup and view all the answers

What are definitive hosts?

vertebrates (where the adult lives and sexually reproduces) Signup and view all the answers

What are larva?

immature forms that look nothing like the adult Signup and view all the answers

What are juveniles?

immature forms that look like miniature adults Signup and view all the answers

What is miracidia?

<ul> <li>a ciliated 1st stage larva - hatches from egg - infects one intermediate host</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sporocyst?

<ul> <li>2nd stage larva - found in 1st intermediate host - a bag-like structure that can produce either redia or cercaria</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is redia?

<ul> <li>3rd stage larva - may or may not occur - elongated structures with a mouth, pharynx, and sac-like gut - produces cercaria</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is cercaria?

<ul> <li>tadpole-like 3rd or 4th larval stage - is shed from the 1st intermediate host and infects either 2nd intermediate host or definitive host</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is metacercaria?

<ul> <li>encysted 4th or 5th larval stage - found in tissues of the second intermediate host - needs to be eaten by definitive host for adult flukes to occur</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

How do people become infected with Chinese liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis?

When raw or poorly cooked fish is eaten the young flukes are released from their cysts by digestive juices in the stomach, once out of the stomach they make their way up to the common bile duct to the liver where they attach and suck the host's blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a schistosome?

A blood fluke Signup and view all the answers

Are schistosomes monoecious or dioecious?

False Signup and view all the answers

What do schistosomes cause in humans?

Bloody stool or urine (depends on species) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the mating ritual of schistosomes:

the male is larger and the female will sit in a slit on the male's body (male looks like a banana cut in half and the female sits in the slit) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gynaecophoric canal?

slit where female sits Signup and view all the answers

How does a human become infected with a schistosome?

Schistosome burrows into your skin then you are in the area of the water very populated by schistosomes, cercaria Signup and view all the answers

How can you easily identify a schistosome species?

Eggs Signup and view all the answers

What is swimmer's itch?

Bird schistosomiasis Signup and view all the answers

What causes swimmer's itch?

Bird schistosomes had gotten into wrong hosts Signup and view all the answers

Trematodes attach to their host by:

Suckers Signup and view all the answers

The larval stage that hatches from the egg, is ciliated, and free-swimming is:

Miracidia Signup and view all the answers

Swimmer's itch is caused by:

A liver fluke Signup and view all the answers

What class do tapeworms belong to?

Cestoda Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for cestode?

tapeworms Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasites are cestodes?

endoparasites Signup and view all the answers

Do cestodes have a digestive system?

False Signup and view all the answers

How do cestodes get their nutrition into their bodies?

Absorb nutrients through the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for skin?

Tegument Signup and view all the answers

Where do you typically find cestodes?

intestines Signup and view all the answers

How do cestodes attach to their host?

scolex Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 regions of a cestode?

Scolex, Neck, Proglottids Signup and view all the answers

What is the scolex?

<ul> <li>the head attachment organ; has suckers and/or hooks</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neck?

<ul> <li>unsegmented region</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are proglottids?

<ul> <li>series of repetitive segments that is a complete hermaphroditic unit</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 types of structures can be found on a scolex?

Hooks, suckers Signup and view all the answers

What is an immature proglottid?

closer to the scolex Signup and view all the answers

What is a mature proglottid?

further away from scolex Signup and view all the answers

What is a gravid proglottid?

full of eggs Signup and view all the answers

What does gravid mean?

Full of eggs Signup and view all the answers

Can tapeworms fertilize their own eggs?

True Signup and view all the answers

So are tapeworms monoecious or dioecious?

True Signup and view all the answers

Do cestodes have direct or indirect life cycles?

indirect Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncosphere?

Tapeworm embryo; hatches from egg and infects 1st intermediate host Signup and view all the answers

What is a hexacanth?

What is an oncosphere with 6 hooks called? Signup and view all the answers

What is a decacanth?

With 10 hooks called? Signup and view all the answers

How do you get the beef tapeworm?

Eat raw or undercooked meat Signup and view all the answers

Describe the life cycle of the beef tapeworm.

a. Larva emerges from cyst in person's stomach b. Scolex buds off new proglottids continually c. Gravid proglottids drop off and exit with feces d. Resistant eggs released on grass e. Cow ingests egg (intermediate host) f. Egg hatches, larva migrates to cow's muscles g. Larva encysts in 'measly' beef h. Person eats undercooked beef Signup and view all the answers

How do you get the pig tapeworm?

Humans ingest raw or undercooked pork containing cysticerci Signup and view all the answers

Describe the life cycle of the pig tapeworm.

Humans ingest raw or undercooked pork containing cysticerci, in the intestine cysticerci mature into adults attaching to the wall via scolex, adult worms produce proglottids which become gravid; they may release eggs or detach from the tapeworm, eggs or detached proglottids are passed from the host in feces, pigs or humans are infected by ingesting embryonated eggs or gravid proglottids, eggs develop into oncospheres which penetrate the intestinal wall, oncospheres circulate to muscles and other organs, and develop into cysticerci. Signup and view all the answers

How is the pig tapeworm more dangerous than the beef tapeworm?

It can kill you Signup and view all the answers

Cestodes attach to their host by the:

Scolex Signup and view all the answers

An oncosphere that has 3 pairs of hooks is called a(n):

Hexacanth Signup and view all the answers

Cestodes have a digestive system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Monogeneans

Monogeneans are ectoparasites, primarily found on the skin or gills of fish.
Typical host for monogeneans is frogs.
They are generally small, rarely exceeding 2 cm in length.
Lack respiratory, circulatory, and skeletal systems.
Attachment structures include oral suckers, which are weakly developed or absent, and haptors, with the opisthaptor as the primary attachment structure.
Reproduction occurs through a direct life cycle, being monoecious (hermaphroditic) with methods including oviparous (egg-laying) and viviparous (live larvae).
Larval stage known as oncomiracidium is ciliated and aids in host transmission.

Trematodes

Trematodes, also known as flukes, are endoparasitic organisms.
They attach to hosts using suckers—specifically oral and ventral suckers.
Have a robust life cycle necessitating multiple hosts: a definitive host (vertebrates) for adult stages and intermediate hosts (insects, mollusks, crustaceans) for larval stages.
Effective parasitic adaptations include an indigestible tegument, high reproductive capability, and resistance to the host immune system.
Sense organs, locomotion, and homeostasis abilities are reduced in trematodes.

Schistosomes

Schistosomes are dioecious (having male and female individuals) blood flukes.
They infect roughly 1 out of every 20 people globally, leading to symptoms like bloody stool or urine.
Male schistosomes are larger, with a unique mating ritual involving the female sitting in a gynaecophoric canal on the male's body.
Infection occurs when cercaria burrows into human skin.

Cestodes

Cestodes or tapeworms are endoparasitic and lack a digestive system, absorbing nutrients directly through their tegument.
Typically located in the intestines, they have a distinct body structure including scolex (head), neck, and proglottids (segments).
Cestodes are monoecious, capable of self-fertilization, and have indirect life cycles involving multiple hosts.
Embryonic forms (oncospheres), including hexacanth (3 pairs of hooks) and decacanth (5 pairs of hooks), are key in their life cycle.

Lifecycles and Transmission

The life cycle of the beef tapeworm includes ingestion of undercooked beef, with progression through larval emergence and the continued growth of segments.
The pig tapeworm is more dangerous due to potential for severe human health risks.
Chinese liver flukes infect humans via the larval stage found in poorly cooked fish, affecting biliary systems.

Miscellaneous

Swimmer's itch relates to bird schistosomiasis, caused by bird schistosomes mistakenly infecting humans.
Schistosome and trematode identification is primarily through characteristic eggs observed in fecal samples.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the Class Monogenea with this zoology quiz. Learn about the characteristics, types, and habitats of monogeneans as you answer these flashcard questions. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!