Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mechanoreceptors?
What is the primary function of mechanoreceptors?
- To convert chemical energy into electrical energy
- To regulate blood pressure and CO2 concentration
- To transmit sensory information to the CNS through voltage-gated channels
- To detect mechanical stimuli from the environment (correct)
What happens when a stimulus binds to a receptor protein?
What happens when a stimulus binds to a receptor protein?
- The receptor protein opens mechanically-gated channels
- The receptor protein releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
- The receptor protein opens voltage-gated channels
- The receptor protein triggers the opening of ion channels (correct)
What is the term for the conversion of one form of energy into electrical energy?
What is the term for the conversion of one form of energy into electrical energy?
- Transmission
- Modulation
- Transduction (correct)
- Integration
What type of receptors are responsible for detecting chemical stimuli?
What type of receptors are responsible for detecting chemical stimuli?
What is the term for the graded potential that occurs in response to a stimulus?
What is the term for the graded potential that occurs in response to a stimulus?
What type of channels are involved in the transmission of sensory information?
What type of channels are involved in the transmission of sensory information?
What is the primary function of somesthetic receptors?
What is the primary function of somesthetic receptors?
What happens when Ca2+ ions enter the terminal knobs?
What happens when Ca2+ ions enter the terminal knobs?
What determines the magnitude of a receptor potential?
What determines the magnitude of a receptor potential?
What is the result of a receptor potential of sufficient magnitude?
What is the result of a receptor potential of sufficient magnitude?
Where is the action potential propagated after it is generated?
Where is the action potential propagated after it is generated?
What type of receptors adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?
What type of receptors adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?
What type of information is provided by interoreceptors?
What type of information is provided by interoreceptors?
What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the 'classic' external sensations?
What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the 'classic' external sensations?
What is the process by which a receptor becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of action potentials?
What is the process by which a receptor becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of action potentials?
What is the term for the process by which a receptor becomes less responsive to a stimulus due to a decrease in the strength of the stimulus?
What is the term for the process by which a receptor becomes less responsive to a stimulus due to a decrease in the strength of the stimulus?
What is the primary function of afferent input from receptors?
What is the primary function of afferent input from receptors?
What is the role of the reticular activating system in the brain stem?
What is the role of the reticular activating system in the brain stem?
What is the mechanism of adaptation of Pacinian corpuscle mechanical and electrical intrinsic components?
What is the mechanism of adaptation of Pacinian corpuscle mechanical and electrical intrinsic components?
What is the function of Merkel cells in the integument?
What is the function of Merkel cells in the integument?
What is the primary function of proprioception?
What is the primary function of proprioception?
What is the mechanism of adaptation of olfactory receptors?
What is the mechanism of adaptation of olfactory receptors?
What is the role of the central nervous system in processing sensory information?
What is the role of the central nervous system in processing sensory information?
What is the function of free nerve endings in the integument?
What is the function of free nerve endings in the integument?
What is the function of Meissner Corpuscles?
What is the function of Meissner Corpuscles?
What is the function of Pacinian Corpuscles?
What is the function of Pacinian Corpuscles?
What is the function of Krause End Bulbs?
What is the function of Krause End Bulbs?
What is the function of Ruffini Corpuscles?
What is the function of Ruffini Corpuscles?
What is the function of Statocysts?
What is the function of Statocysts?
What is the function of the Lateral Line System?
What is the function of the Lateral Line System?
What is the function of the Vestibular Apparatus?
What is the function of the Vestibular Apparatus?
What is the function of the Neuromast organ?
What is the function of the Neuromast organ?
What is the primary function of the otolith in invertebrates and lower vertebrates?
What is the primary function of the otolith in invertebrates and lower vertebrates?
What is the role of the gas bladder in fish?
What is the role of the gas bladder in fish?
What is the function of the cilia in sensory cells in vertebrates?
What is the function of the cilia in sensory cells in vertebrates?
What is the purpose of the three divisions of the ear in mammals?
What is the purpose of the three divisions of the ear in mammals?
What is the role of the ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the role of the ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the function of the cochlea?
What is the function of the cochlea?
What is the role of the tympanic membrane in vertebrates?
What is the role of the tympanic membrane in vertebrates?
What is the function of the Organ of Corti?
What is the function of the Organ of Corti?
What is the primary function of satellite cells in ganglia?
What is the primary function of satellite cells in ganglia?
What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?
What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?
What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?
What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?
What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
What is the function of the cell bodies in ganglia?
What is the function of the cell bodies in ganglia?
What is characteristic of multipolar neurons?
What is characteristic of multipolar neurons?
What is the purpose of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?
What is the purpose of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?
What is characteristic of cranial ganglia?
What is characteristic of cranial ganglia?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood flow?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood flow?
Which glands are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which glands are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?
What happens to blood flow in the capillaries when the arterioles constrict?
What happens to blood flow in the capillaries when the arterioles constrict?
What is the primary function of sweat glands during stressful situations?
What is the primary function of sweat glands during stressful situations?
Which nervous system division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which nervous system division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?
What is the primary function of the arterioles in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the arterioles in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of afferent neurons?
What is the primary function of afferent neurons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the significance of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
What is the significance of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
Which part of the nervous system lies entirely within the wall of the digestive tract?
Which part of the nervous system lies entirely within the wall of the digestive tract?
What is the direction of travel for afferent fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the direction of travel for afferent fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
Which organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
Which organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
What is the characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the significance of the sympathetic nervous system dominating in emergency or stressful situations?
What is the significance of the sympathetic nervous system dominating in emergency or stressful situations?
What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the effect of NE binding to an alpha receptor?
What is the effect of NE binding to an alpha receptor?
What is the result of IP3 binding to a receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the result of IP3 binding to a receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the effect of ACh not binding to a receptor in the heart?
What is the effect of ACh not binding to a receptor in the heart?
What is the mechanism of action of Metoprolol?
What is the mechanism of action of Metoprolol?
What is the function of Salbutamol?
What is the function of Salbutamol?
What is the effect of alpha receptor activation on arterioles?
What is the effect of alpha receptor activation on arterioles?
What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of afferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of afferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of receptors are targeted by atropine?
What type of receptors are targeted by atropine?
What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the body's internal environment?
What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the body's internal environment?
What is the function of the cranial nerve responsible for transmitting information from the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the cranial nerve responsible for transmitting information from the nasal cavity?
What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve?
What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve?
What is the term for the division of the nervous system that sends information from the CNS to the periphery?
What is the term for the division of the nervous system that sends information from the CNS to the periphery?
What is the primary function of the trigeminal nerve?
What is the primary function of the trigeminal nerve?
What is the term for the type of receptors that adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?
What is the term for the type of receptors that adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?
What is the primary function of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?
What is the primary function of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?
What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?
What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?
What is the function of satellite cells in ganglia?
What is the function of satellite cells in ganglia?
What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?
What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?
What is the purpose of the cell bodies in ganglia?
What is the purpose of the cell bodies in ganglia?
Where do the fibers of the Parasympathetic Nervous System originate from?
Where do the fibers of the Parasympathetic Nervous System originate from?
What type of fibers are longer in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
What type of fibers are longer in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
What neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
What neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Which blood vessels do not receive innervation from the autonomic nervous system?
Which blood vessels do not receive innervation from the autonomic nervous system?
What is the exception to the general rule of dual reciprocal innervation by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the exception to the general rule of dual reciprocal innervation by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
What determines the length of preganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
What determines the length of preganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
What is the effect of binding of NE to β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?
What is the effect of binding of NE to β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?
Which part of the central nervous system exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?
Which part of the central nervous system exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?
What is the effect of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the effect of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the site of release of the neurotransmitter ACh in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the site of release of the neurotransmitter ACh in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the result of poliovirus infection on motor neurons?
What is the result of poliovirus infection on motor neurons?
What is the role of the motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of the motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the function of visceral afferent neurons?
What is the function of visceral afferent neurons?
What type of receptors do atropine bind to?
What type of receptors do atropine bind to?
Which of the following is an example of a special sense?
Which of the following is an example of a special sense?
What is the term for agonists that mimic the response?
What is the term for agonists that mimic the response?
How many cranial nerves are there?
How many cranial nerves are there?
What is the function of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of alpha-1 receptors?
What is the function of alpha-1 receptors?
What is the main function of the adrenal cortex?
What is the main function of the adrenal cortex?
What type of receptors have almost equal affinity to both norepinephrine and epinephrine?
What type of receptors have almost equal affinity to both norepinephrine and epinephrine?
What is the main function of beta-2 receptors?
What is the main function of beta-2 receptors?
Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine released from?
Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine released from?
What is the function of phospholipase C?
What is the function of phospholipase C?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Sensory Physiology
- Afferent nervous system: receives information from internal and external environments and sends it to the CNS
- Types of sensors or receptors:
- Visceral afferents: subconscious input, detecting blood pressure, CO2 concentration, etc.
- Sensory afferents: conscious awareness, detecting somatic (body) sensations, external stimuli
- Sensory cells:
- Have ion channels and receptor proteins with specific modalities
- Receive external stimuli, process information, and convert it into electrical signals
- Transduction: conversion of one form of energy into electrical energy
- Types of gated channels:
- Mechanically-gated
- Chemically-gated
- Voltage-gated
- Thermally-gated
Classification of Sensors or Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors: detect physical forces, touch, and pressure
- Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals, e.g., CO2, oxygen, and pH
- Thermoreceptors: detect temperature
- Photoreceptors: detect light
- Electroreceptors: detect electrical signals
- Magnetoreceptors: detect magnetic fields
- Nociceptors: detect pain
Receptor Cell Physiology
- Adaptation: intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism to adjust to sustained stimulation
- Habituation: gradual decrease in response to repeated stimuli
- Types of receptors:
- Tonic receptors: do not adapt at all or adapt slowly
- Phasic receptors: rapidly adapting receptors
Mechanoreceptors
- Detection of physical forces, touch, and pressure
- Types:
- Proprioceptors: detect movement and position
- Exteroreceptors: detect external sensations
- Interoceptors: detect information regarding body fluids
- Statocysts: simplest organ for equilibrium, detect gravity
- Lateral line system: somesthetic and proprioceptive mechanoreceptor system
- Vestibular apparatus: detects movement and position
- Cochlea: sense organ for sound
Efferent Nervous System
- Efferent division: sends signals from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, etc.)
- Sympathetic nervous system: dominates in emergency or stressful situations
- Parasympathetic nervous system: promotes responses that conserve energy
- Enteric nervous system: lies entirely within the wall of the digestive tract
Autonomic Neurotransmitter Receptors
- Cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
- Adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta receptors
- Agonists: mimic the response
- Antagonists: block the response
Somatic Nervous System
- Somatic nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle, subject to voluntary control
- Motor neurons: final common pathway by which CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity
- Neuromuscular junctions: motor end plate has no threshold potential### Autonomic Agonists and Antagonists
- Agonists mimic the response, while antagonists block the response
- Atropine is an example of an antagonist that binds to muscarinic receptors only
Afferent Nervous System
- The afferent division sends information from internal and external environments to the CNS
- Visceral afferent is the incoming pathway for information from internal viscera (organs in body cavities)
- Sensory afferent is responsible for somatic (body sense) sensation and external environment
- Somatic sensations include sensation arising from body surface and proprioception
- Special senses include vision, hearing, taste, and smell
Cranial Nerves
- There are 12 cranial nerves
- The list of cranial nerves includes olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, trochlear, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal gland is composed of the cortex and adrenal medulla
- The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases NE and E
- The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids essential for glucose, protein, and fat metabolism
Adrenergic Receptors
- Adrenergic receptors are found on effector cell membranes and are responsible for responding to NE and E
- Alpha (α) receptors cause muscle contraction and vasoconstriction in certain body parts
- Alpha 1 (α1) receptors are mainly found in arterioles, causing constriction, and activate Phospholipase C
- Alpha 2 (α2) receptors are mainly found in the smooth muscles of the digestive tract, decreasing contraction
- Beta (β) receptors cause muscle relaxation and vasodilation in other areas
- Beta 1 (β1) receptors use the cAMP messenger system, are mainly found in the heart, and increase heart rate and contractility
- Beta 2 (β2) receptors are mainly found in the bronchioles, causing dilation
- Note: 1 subscripts are excitatory, while 2 subscripts are inhibitory
- Sensitivity of receptors: α and β neurotransmitters respond to NE, α receptors have greater sensitivity towards NE, β1 receptors have almost equal affinity to both NE and E, and β2 receptors mainly respond to E
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
