Zoology 120: Animal Physiology Lecture 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mechanoreceptors?

  • To convert chemical energy into electrical energy
  • To regulate blood pressure and CO2 concentration
  • To transmit sensory information to the CNS through voltage-gated channels
  • To detect mechanical stimuli from the environment (correct)

    • What happens when a stimulus binds to a receptor protein?

  • The receptor protein opens mechanically-gated channels
  • The receptor protein releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
  • The receptor protein opens voltage-gated channels
  • The receptor protein triggers the opening of ion channels (correct)

    • What is the term for the conversion of one form of energy into electrical energy?

  • Transmission
  • Modulation
  • Transduction (correct)
  • Integration

    • What type of receptors are responsible for detecting chemical stimuli?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the graded potential that occurs in response to a stimulus?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of channels are involved in the transmission of sensory information?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of somesthetic receptors?

    <p>To detect external stimuli perceived by the body surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when Ca2+ ions enter the terminal knobs?

    <p>Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the magnitude of a receptor potential?

    <p>The intensity of the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a receptor potential of sufficient magnitude?

    <p>Production of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the action potential propagated after it is generated?

    <p>Along an afferent fiber to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?

    <p>Phasic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is provided by interoreceptors?

    <p>Information regarding the body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the 'classic' external sensations?

    <p>Exteroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a receptor becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of action potentials?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a receptor becomes less responsive to a stimulus due to a decrease in the strength of the stimulus?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of afferent input from receptors?

    <p>To regulate efferent output for maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the reticular activating system in the brain stem?

    <p>To facilitate cortical arousal and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of adaptation of Pacinian corpuscle mechanical and electrical intrinsic components?

    <p>Intrinsic mechanism of adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Merkel cells in the integument?

    <p>Epithelial tactile cells for light touch sensation and sensation of texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proprioception?

    <p>Detection of motion and position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of adaptation of olfactory receptors?

    <p>Activation of proteins that closes Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the central nervous system in processing sensory information?

    <p>To give rise to our perceptions of the world around us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of free nerve endings in the integument?

    <p>Respond to high and low temperatures, pain, itching, and tactile functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Meissner Corpuscles?

    <p>initiating impulses when deformed due to light touch or low-frequency stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Pacinian Corpuscles?

    <p>sensing coarse touch, pressure, and vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Krause End Bulbs?

    <p>sensing low frequency vibrations in penis and clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ruffini Corpuscles?

    <p>stimulated by stretch or twisting in skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Statocysts?

    <p>gravity receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Lateral Line System?

    <p>equilibrium and navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Vestibular Apparatus?

    <p>spatial orientation and navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Neuromast organ?

    <p>part of the lateral line organs in fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the otolith in invertebrates and lower vertebrates?

    <p>To process sound waves from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gas bladder in fish?

    <p>Initial processing of sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia in sensory cells in vertebrates?

    <p>To generate action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the three divisions of the ear in mammals?

    <p>To locate the source of sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ossicles in the middle ear?

    <p>To transmit sound waves to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlea?

    <p>Where the sense organ for sound will be found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tympanic membrane in vertebrates?

    <p>Initial processing of sound in vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Organ of Corti?

    <p>Sense organ for sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of satellite cells in ganglia?

    <p>To provide nutrition to the neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?

    <p>They have a single process that divides into two branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?

    <p>To indicate age-related cytological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?

    <p>They have a less distinct capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell bodies in ganglia?

    <p>To transmit signals from the CNS to effector organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of multipolar neurons?

    <p>They have multiple dendrites and a single axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?

    <p>To provide structural support to the ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of cranial ganglia?

    <p>They are only found in the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood flow?

    <p>Constrict arterioles to redirect blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?

    <p>Decreases salivary secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow in the capillaries when the arterioles constrict?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sweat glands during stressful situations?

    <p>Regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on salivary glands?

    <p>Increases salivary secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the arterioles in the circulatory system?

    <p>Regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of afferent neurons?

    <p>To inform the CNS about conditions in the external and internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Dominating in emergency or stressful situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

    <p>It enables precise control over an organ's activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system lies entirely within the wall of the digestive tract?

    <p>Enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of travel for afferent fibers in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>From the PNS to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

    <p>Most visceral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Producing opposite effects in a particular organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sympathetic nervous system dominating in emergency or stressful situations?

    <p>It prepares the body for strenuous physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate the postganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of NE binding to an alpha receptor?

    <p>Cleavage of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of IP3 binding to a receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Opening of the Ca2+ channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACh not binding to a receptor in the heart?

    <p>Sympathetic domination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Metoprolol?

    <p>Blockage of β1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Salbutamol?

    <p>To dilate bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alpha receptor activation on arterioles?

    <p>Constriction of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of muscarinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To respond to parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of afferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>To send information from the internal and external environment to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are targeted by atropine?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of receptors that provide information regarding the body's internal environment?

    <p>Visceral receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cranial nerve responsible for transmitting information from the nasal cavity?

    <p>Transmitting olfactory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve?

    <p>Controlling extraocular muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the division of the nervous system that sends information from the CNS to the periphery?

    <p>Efferent division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of receptors that adapt rapidly to sustained stimulation?

    <p>Phasic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the connective tissue capsule in sensory ganglia?

    <p>To serve as a covering and protect the ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of pseudounipolar neurons?

    <p>Having a single process that divides into two branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of satellite cells in ganglia?

    <p>To provide nutrition and support to the neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of autonomic ganglia?

    <p>Having multipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipofuscin in ganglia?

    <p>To indicate age-related cytological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cell bodies in ganglia?

    <p>To integrate and process sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the fibers of the Parasympathetic Nervous System originate from?

    <p>Cranial and sacral areas of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are longer in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Preganglionic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels do not receive innervation from the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Arteries and capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception to the general rule of dual reciprocal innervation by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Most arterioles and veins receive only sympathetic nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the length of preganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>The ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of binding of NE to β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?

    <p>Increased cardiac contractile force and velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?

    <p>Spinal cord, motor regions of cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?

    <p>Release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of release of the neurotransmitter ACh in the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Motor neuron terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of poliovirus infection on motor neurons?

    <p>Selective destruction of motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Final common pathway for CNS control over skeletal muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of visceral afferent neurons?

    <p>To transmit sensory information from internal organs to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do atropine bind to?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a special sense?

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for agonists that mimic the response?

    <p>Agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>To transmit sensory information from the environment to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alpha-1 receptors?

    <p>Causing muscle contraction and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Secreting glucocorticoids for glucose, protein, and fat metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors have almost equal affinity to both norepinephrine and epinephrine?

    <p>Beta-1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of beta-2 receptors?

    <p>Causing muscle relaxation and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine released from?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phospholipase C?

    <p>Cleaving phospholipids just before the phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensory Physiology

    • Afferent nervous system: receives information from internal and external environments and sends it to the CNS
    • Types of sensors or receptors:
      • Visceral afferents: subconscious input, detecting blood pressure, CO2 concentration, etc.
      • Sensory afferents: conscious awareness, detecting somatic (body) sensations, external stimuli
    • Sensory cells:
      • Have ion channels and receptor proteins with specific modalities
      • Receive external stimuli, process information, and convert it into electrical signals
    • Transduction: conversion of one form of energy into electrical energy
    • Types of gated channels:
      • Mechanically-gated
      • Chemically-gated
      • Voltage-gated
      • Thermally-gated

    Classification of Sensors or Receptors

    • Mechanoreceptors: detect physical forces, touch, and pressure
    • Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals, e.g., CO2, oxygen, and pH
    • Thermoreceptors: detect temperature
    • Photoreceptors: detect light
    • Electroreceptors: detect electrical signals
    • Magnetoreceptors: detect magnetic fields
    • Nociceptors: detect pain

    Receptor Cell Physiology

    • Adaptation: intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism to adjust to sustained stimulation
    • Habituation: gradual decrease in response to repeated stimuli
    • Types of receptors:
      • Tonic receptors: do not adapt at all or adapt slowly
      • Phasic receptors: rapidly adapting receptors

    Mechanoreceptors

    • Detection of physical forces, touch, and pressure
    • Types:
      • Proprioceptors: detect movement and position
      • Exteroreceptors: detect external sensations
      • Interoceptors: detect information regarding body fluids
    • Statocysts: simplest organ for equilibrium, detect gravity
    • Lateral line system: somesthetic and proprioceptive mechanoreceptor system
    • Vestibular apparatus: detects movement and position
    • Cochlea: sense organ for sound

    Efferent Nervous System

    • Efferent division: sends signals from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, etc.)
    • Sympathetic nervous system: dominates in emergency or stressful situations
    • Parasympathetic nervous system: promotes responses that conserve energy
    • Enteric nervous system: lies entirely within the wall of the digestive tract

    Autonomic Neurotransmitter Receptors

    • Cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
    • Adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta receptors
    • Agonists: mimic the response
    • Antagonists: block the response

    Somatic Nervous System

    • Somatic nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle, subject to voluntary control
    • Motor neurons: final common pathway by which CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity
    • Neuromuscular junctions: motor end plate has no threshold potential### Autonomic Agonists and Antagonists
    • Agonists mimic the response, while antagonists block the response
    • Atropine is an example of an antagonist that binds to muscarinic receptors only

    Afferent Nervous System

    • The afferent division sends information from internal and external environments to the CNS
    • Visceral afferent is the incoming pathway for information from internal viscera (organs in body cavities)
    • Sensory afferent is responsible for somatic (body sense) sensation and external environment
    • Somatic sensations include sensation arising from body surface and proprioception
    • Special senses include vision, hearing, taste, and smell

    Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 cranial nerves
    • The list of cranial nerves includes olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, trochlear, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal

    Adrenal Gland

    • The adrenal gland is composed of the cortex and adrenal medulla
    • The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases NE and E
    • The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids essential for glucose, protein, and fat metabolism

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • Adrenergic receptors are found on effector cell membranes and are responsible for responding to NE and E
    • Alpha (α) receptors cause muscle contraction and vasoconstriction in certain body parts
    • Alpha 1 (α1) receptors are mainly found in arterioles, causing constriction, and activate Phospholipase C
    • Alpha 2 (α2) receptors are mainly found in the smooth muscles of the digestive tract, decreasing contraction
    • Beta (β) receptors cause muscle relaxation and vasodilation in other areas
    • Beta 1 (β1) receptors use the cAMP messenger system, are mainly found in the heart, and increase heart rate and contractility
    • Beta 2 (β2) receptors are mainly found in the bronchioles, causing dilation
    • Note: 1 subscripts are excitatory, while 2 subscripts are inhibitory
    • Sensitivity of receptors: α and β neurotransmitters respond to NE, α receptors have greater sensitivity towards NE, β1 receptors have almost equal affinity to both NE and E, and β2 receptors mainly respond to E

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    Description

    This quiz covers sensory physiology, focusing on the roles of sensors and receptors in the afferent nervous system, including visceral and sensory afferents. It's based on a lecture from Zoology 120, 2nd semester 2023-2024.

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