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Questions and Answers
Which of the following biological processes is NOT typically studied within the field of developmental biology?
Which of the following biological processes is NOT typically studied within the field of developmental biology?
- Cell production in adult organisms
- Adult behavior (correct)
- Regeneration
- Metamorphosis
What is the significance of using model organisms in developmental biology?
What is the significance of using model organisms in developmental biology?
- Model organisms are ethically superior for developmental studies.
- Model organisms are cost-effective and easy to maintain.
- Model organisms always directly translate to human development.
- Model organisms allow scientists to demonstrate key concepts in development. (correct)
Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental biology?
Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental biology?
- The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
- The treatment of diseases affecting animal development.
- The processes of initiation and construction of animals from zygote to adult. (correct)
- The classification and naming of animal species.
A researcher is studying limb regeneration in salamanders. Which area of developmental biology does this research fall under?
A researcher is studying limb regeneration in salamanders. Which area of developmental biology does this research fall under?
Which of the following is a central question in developmental biology concerning cellular differentiation?
Which of the following is a central question in developmental biology concerning cellular differentiation?
What is the primary distinction between embryology and developmental biology?
What is the primary distinction between embryology and developmental biology?
How is the concept of epigenesis different from preformationism?
How is the concept of epigenesis different from preformationism?
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of Christian Pander's contribution to developmental biology?
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of Christian Pander's contribution to developmental biology?
According to von Baer's laws, which of the following appears earlier in development?
According to von Baer's laws, which of the following appears earlier in development?
Which of Von Baer's principles is demonstrated by the observation that mammalian embryos never pass through a fish-like adult stage despite having gill slits early in development?
Which of Von Baer's principles is demonstrated by the observation that mammalian embryos never pass through a fish-like adult stage despite having gill slits early in development?
Fate maps are used to track the moving cells. What is being tracked; what does a fate map demonstrate?
Fate maps are used to track the moving cells. What is being tracked; what does a fate map demonstrate?
What does comparative embryology primarily investigate?
What does comparative embryology primarily investigate?
In evolutionary embryology, what is the focus of studying how an organism's ancestry might constrain possible developmental changes?
In evolutionary embryology, what is the focus of studying how an organism's ancestry might constrain possible developmental changes?
What is the main focus of teratology as an anatomical approach in developmental biology?
What is the main focus of teratology as an anatomical approach in developmental biology?
How does the study of birth defects contribute to our understanding of normal development?
How does the study of birth defects contribute to our understanding of normal development?
What is allometric growth?
What is allometric growth?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the experimental approach in developmental biology?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the experimental approach in developmental biology?
What does the genetic approach in developmental biologyp primarily aim to do?
What does the genetic approach in developmental biologyp primarily aim to do?
What is the significance of studying cell-cell communication in understanding developmental events?
What is the significance of studying cell-cell communication in understanding developmental events?
Which question does developmental biology aim to answer concerning the adult body?
Which question does developmental biology aim to answer concerning the adult body?
What does the study of disruptions and teratogens primarily focus on in medical embryology and teratology?
What does the study of disruptions and teratogens primarily focus on in medical embryology and teratology?
How does differential growth contribute to organismal development?
How does differential growth contribute to organismal development?
What is the purpose of mathematical modeling in developmental biology?
What is the purpose of mathematical modeling in developmental biology?
What does 'cell tracking in vivo' refer to?
What does 'cell tracking in vivo' refer to?
What key idea did Heinrich Rathke contribute to the field of the developmental biology?
What key idea did Heinrich Rathke contribute to the field of the developmental biology?
A scientist observes that cells from the early gastrula stage of a frog embryo, when transplanted to a different region of another embryo, still develop according to their original fate. This observation provides evidence supporting which type of developmental mechanism?
A scientist observes that cells from the early gastrula stage of a frog embryo, when transplanted to a different region of another embryo, still develop according to their original fate. This observation provides evidence supporting which type of developmental mechanism?
A teratogen is defined as...
A teratogen is defined as...
Why are internal cues important to embryonic development?
Why are internal cues important to embryonic development?
If a researcher is using 'Transgenic DNA chimeras', what is the researcher tracking?
If a researcher is using 'Transgenic DNA chimeras', what is the researcher tracking?
Which approach to developmental biology would involve the use of dye marking?
Which approach to developmental biology would involve the use of dye marking?
If a patient presents with phocomelia. What would this indicate?
If a patient presents with phocomelia. What would this indicate?
A mutation on the KIT gene on chromosome 4, would indicate:
A mutation on the KIT gene on chromosome 4, would indicate:
Which of the following is the most likely result of an issue arising from a disruption?
Which of the following is the most likely result of an issue arising from a disruption?
A researcher discovers a gene that, when mutated, causes a specific organ to develop abnormally in mice. Which approach to studying development is the researcher most likely using?
A researcher discovers a gene that, when mutated, causes a specific organ to develop abnormally in mice. Which approach to studying development is the researcher most likely using?
A scientist develops a computer simulation that accurately predicts the folding patterns of a developing epithelial sheet based on cell adhesion properties and mechanical forces. Which strategy did the scientist use?
A scientist develops a computer simulation that accurately predicts the folding patterns of a developing epithelial sheet based on cell adhesion properties and mechanical forces. Which strategy did the scientist use?
A researcher is injecting specific fluorescent dyes into cells of a frog embryo at the 32-cell stage, and then following the movement and differentiation of these labeled cells through gastrulation and organogenesis. Which method of tracking is being used?
A researcher is injecting specific fluorescent dyes into cells of a frog embryo at the 32-cell stage, and then following the movement and differentiation of these labeled cells through gastrulation and organogenesis. Which method of tracking is being used?
Flashcards
Developmental Biology
Developmental Biology
The study of the processes involved in the initiation and construction of animals, from zygote to adult, including regeneration and metamorphosis.
Embryology
Embryology
Study of the progressive changes of an organism from fertilized egg to birth.
Epigenesis
Epigenesis
A concept where organisms develop from simpler to more complex forms through a series of steps.
Preformationism
Preformationism
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Von Baer's First Law
Von Baer's First Law
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Von Baer's Second Law
Von Baer's Second Law
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Von Baer's Third Law
Von Baer's Third Law
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Von Baer's Fourth Law
Von Baer's Fourth Law
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Fate Maps
Fate Maps
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Comparative Embryology
Comparative Embryology
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Evolutionary Embryology
Evolutionary Embryology
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Teratology
Teratology
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Teratogen
Teratogen
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Mathematical Modelling (Developmental)
Mathematical Modelling (Developmental)
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Allometric Growth
Allometric Growth
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Piebaldism
Piebaldism
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Phocomelia
Phocomelia
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Genetic approach
Genetic approach
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Study Notes
- ZOO 131 is an introduction to developmental biology of animals
Course Description
- Developmental biology examines how animals are initiated from zygote to adult
- This includes regeneration, metamorphosis, and cell production in adult organisms.
- Model organisms illustrate the core ideas in development.
Course Outcomes
- A student completing Zoo 131 should be able to
- Explain the concepts of developmental biology
- Describe the events that occur during animal growth as an animal develops from an egg and sperm
- Illustrate how differentiation leads to cell and tissue specialization
- Integrate these concepts into developmental biology
Modules Covered
- Introduction to Developmental Biology
- Developmental Genetics
- Cell – cell communication in development
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- Gastrulation
- Axis Formation
- Neurulation
- Organogenesis
- Sex Determination
- Post – embryonic development
Course Requirements
- To pass Zoo 131 course requirements need to be completed
- The evaluation is
- Final Exam = 25%
- Long Exams = 40%
- Quizzes (Oral and Written) = 15%
- Term Paper = 10%
- Participation = 10%
UP Grading System
- 98-100 = 1.0 = Excellent
- 94-97 = 1.25
- 90-93 = 1.50 = Very Good
- 85-89 = 1.75
- 80-84 = 2.0 = Good
- 75-79 = 2.25
- 70-74 = 2.50 = Satisfactory
- 65-69 = 2.75
- 60-64 = 3.0 = Passed
- 50-60 = 4.0 = Conditional Failure
- 0-49 = 5.0 = Failed
Goals of Studying Development
- To differentiate developmental biology from embryology
- To familiarize with the questions that developmental biology seeks to answer
- To know the approaches in studying developmental biology
- To differentiate epigenesis and preformationism
- The study of development generates cellular diversity and order in each generation
- The focus of development is to ensure the continuity of life
Developmental Biology vs Embryology
- Embryology studies how organisms progressively change from a fertilized egg to birth
- Developmental biology studies how organisms initate and construct, including embryonic development and other processes
Developmental Biology Questions
- How does a fertilized egg give rise to an adult body?
- How does the adult body produce another body?
- How can a fertilized egg form different types of cells?
- How can differentiated cells form ordered structures?
- How do cells know when to stop dividing?
- How sperm and egg specialize to transmit instructions for the next generation?
- How do developmental changes create new body forms to survive development?
- How is the development of an organism influenced by cues from the environment?
Key Concepts
- Epigenesis is how multicellular organisms develop from single cells
- Most organisms begin as simple and proceed step-wise to complex arrangements
- The idea of preformation is that an individual is preformed within a germ cell and development increases size
- Christian Pander discovered germ layers
- Heinrich Rathke identified the development of the vertebrate skull and pharyngeal arches
- Karl Ernst von Baer recognized a common pattern in vertebrate development
Von Baer’s Laws
- General features of a group of animals appear earlier in development than specialized traits
- All developing vertebrates appear similar after gastrulation
- Specialized characters develop from general ones
- The embryo of a given species departs from the adult stages of lower animals
- Mammals never go through a fishlike stage
- The early embryo of a higher developed animal is never like an adult one, but only its early embryo
- An embryo diverges from adult forms of other species as it develops.
Approaches to Studying Development
- Tracking the Moving Cells with fate maps, observation of living embryos, dye marking, genetic labeling, transgenic DNA chimeras, cell tracking in vivo, and computerized tracking
- Anatomical Approach
- Comparative embryology studies anatomical changes during development
- Evolutionary embryology examines how developmental changes cause evolutionary change and the organism's ancestry constrains development
- Teratology studies the environmental agents that disrupt normal development with normal development occurring with birth defects and teratogens
- Mathematical Models describe developmental phenomena, predict growth, and study allometric growth
- Experimental Approach
- Searching for molecular causes of visible changes in embryos by studying response to environmental/internal cues and cells to tissues/organs
- Genetic Approach establishing links between genotypes and phenotypes
Medical Embryology/Teratology
- Genetic malformations and syndromes include piebaldism, which is related to mutation of the KIT gene on chromosome 4
- Disruptions and teratogens can cause Phocomelia, or lack of proper limb development with thalidomide
Stages of Development
- Some stages are Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organogenesis, Maturity, Larval Stages, and Hatching.
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Description
Explore animal development from zygote to adult in ZOO 131. The course covers regeneration, metamorphosis, and cell specialization. Model organisms will be used to understand developmental core concepts.
