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What defines a species according to the Biological Species Concept?

  • A group of organisms with similar morphological traits
  • A collection of different species living in the same habitat
  • A set of individuals that display observable physical differences
  • A group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable offspring (correct)

    • Which type of barrier prevents gametes from fusing to create a zygote?

  • Postzygotic barrier
  • Prezygotic barrier (correct)
  • Ecological barrier
  • Genetic barrier

    • What is spatial isolation as a type of prezygotic barrier?

  • Inability of gametes to survive in the environment
  • Different species having incompatible mating rituals
  • When two species mate at different times of the year
  • Species living in the same area but occupying different habitats (correct)

    • What is an example of behavioral isolation?

    <p>Different species have unique courtship rituals that prevent mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the term 'viable offspring' differ from non-viable offspring?

    <p>Viable offspring are healthy juveniles that grow into fertile adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?

    <p>Zygotes develop but die before reaching adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the Biological Species Concept have?

    <p>It applies only to organisms that reproduce sexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a Martian misidentify multiple humans as different species?

    <p>There are visible differences among humans that could suggest multiple species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is temporal isolation in the context of species breeding?

    <p>Members breed at different times of the day or year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism prevents species from mating due to anatomical differences?

    <p>Mechanical Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of gametic isolation?

    <p>Gametes meet but fail to fuse effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a scenario of reduced hybrid viability?

    <p>Hybrids have reduced ability to survive or thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes hybrid sterility in relation to speciation?

    <p>Hybrid offspring cannot reproduce due to chromosome mismatches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a form of postzygotic barrier?

    <p>Mechanical Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about hybrid breakdown?

    <p>Second-generation hybrids are sterile or unhealthy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for speciation to occur?

    <p>One species diverges into two distinct species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of allopatric speciation?

    <p>A geographic barrier separates members of the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the independent evolution of similar structures in unrelated species?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between closely related species and distantly related species?

    <p>The time since their common ancestor existed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for genetic divergence to occur between populations?

    <p>Populations must become isolated from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is typically observed in desert plants?

    <p>Thick stems to absorb and store water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humans differ from other populations despite exhibiting genetic changes?

    <p>Humans do not possess significant genetic divergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about mutations in separated populations?

    <p>Mutations can lead to reproductive barriers but not always.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about thorns in desert plants?

    <p>Thorns prevent predation on the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first letter of each word in the mnemonic 'Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup' represent?

    <p>Levels of biological classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In binomial nomenclature, which part of the name is always capitalized?

    <p>Genus name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the engulfed cell during endosymbiosis?

    <p>It integrates completely and becomes a part of the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does endomembrane system development in eukaryotic cells indicate?

    <p>Infolding of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They evolved from prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception led to a protest against the use of the term Homo sapiens?

    <p>It was thought to reference sexual orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Genus and Species formatted when typed?

    <p>Both names are italicized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a prokaryotic cell in relation to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of gradual speciation called?

    <p>Gradualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a species that exhibits gradual evolution?

    <p>Finches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain includes organisms with complex cells?

    <p>Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes punctuated equilibrium?

    <p>It features rapid bursts of evolution followed by stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What taxonomic rank is more exclusive than family?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major category in biological classification?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptive change marks the evolution of modern horses?

    <p>Reduction of toes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the domains of life is correct?

    <p>All organisms belong to one of three domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Species Concept

    • A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring.
    • Viable offspring are healthy juveniles that mature into fertile adults.
    • This definition only applies to sexually reproducing organisms, not asexual ones like bacteria or amoeba.

    Reproductive Isolation

    • Reproductive barriers separate species.
    • A reproductive barrier is anything that prevents two individuals from producing viable offspring.
    • Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers

    Prezygotic Barriers

    • Spatial Isolation: species living in the same area may never encounter each other (e.g., occupying different habitats).
    • Behavioral Isolation: breeding does not occur due to incorrect mating behavior (e.g., courtship rituals).
    • Temporal Isolation: members of closely related species breed at different times (e.g., different times of the day or year).
    • Mechanical Isolation: similar species cannot breed because they are anatomically different (e.g., plants and pollinators, insects' sex organs).
    • Gametic Isolation: gametes meet, but fail to fuse and produce a zygote.

    Postzygotic Barriers

    • Reduced Hybrid Viability: fertilization occurs and produces a zygote, but the offspring do not survive or are significantly less healthy.
    • Reduced Hybrid Fertility: hybrids are viable, but sterile (e.g., mules).
    • Hybrid Breakdown: first-generation hybrids are fertile, but subsequent generations are infertile or unhealthy (e.g., cotton).

    Speciation

    • Speciation is the process by which one species diverges into two species.
    • Two requirements
      • Geographic isolation of populations
      • Genetic divergence (mutations occur causing reproductive barriers).
    • Allopatric speciation: members of the same species become separated due to a geographic barrier and evolve into two species.
    • Allopatric speciation is an example of speciation occurring when populations are geographically separated.
    • Humans and chimpanzees are closely related.
    • Humans and lemurs are distantly related.

    Convergent Evolution

    • The independent evolution of similar structures in unrelated species.
    • Similar adaptations to similar environments.
      • Example: desert plants.
      • Example: having spines/thorns (modified leaves/branches to prevent predation and help in water conservation).
      • Example: having fleshy stems to store water.

    Divergent Evolution

    • Groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in new species that can be quite different.

    Rates of Evolution

    • Gradualism: slow speciation of organisms brought about by the slow accumulation of favorable characteristics over time (e.g., beak size of finches, horse evolution).
    • Punctuated equilibrium: quick, fast burst of new species followed by longer periods with little evolution (e.g., bacteria, insects).

    Classification

    • Every organism is assigned to one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
    • Organisms are further classified into successively more precise categories (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species).
      • Naming system: Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup.
    • Binomial nomenclature: using two names to classify every organism (genus and species).
      • Example: Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli
    • Rules of Binomial nomenclature: 1st letter of the genus is capitalized, species name is not capitalized, both are italicized when typed, both underlined when handwritten.

    Eukaryotic cells evolve from prokaryotic cells

    • Endomembrane system developed from infoldings of the plasma membrane (nucleus, ER, Golgi).
    • Endosymbiosis: one species living inside another host species (mitochondria and chloroplasts started out as separate cells, have their own DNA, resemble prokaryotic DNA).

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