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What is the major function of the respiratory system?
What is the major function of the respiratory system?
The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, allowing oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air.
Inspiration, or breathing in, conducts air away from the lungs.
Inspiration, or breathing in, conducts air away from the lungs.
False
Expiration, or breathing out, conducts air towards the lungs.
Expiration, or breathing out, conducts air towards the lungs.
False
What are the four processes that the respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to accomplish?
What are the four processes that the respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to accomplish?
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What important process requires oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste?
What important process requires oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste?
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What is the path of air flowing through the respiratory tract into the lungs?
What is the path of air flowing through the respiratory tract into the lungs?
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The upper respiratory tract includes the trachea.
The upper respiratory tract includes the trachea.
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What is the function of the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
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What is the function of the pharynx?
What is the function of the pharynx?
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What part of the respiratory tract is responsible for sound production?
What part of the respiratory tract is responsible for sound production?
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What is the name of the opening to the larynx that is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the name of the opening to the larynx that is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing?
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What structure ensures the effectiveness of gas exchange?
What structure ensures the effectiveness of gas exchange?
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What type of receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and are responsible for our sense of smell?
What type of receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and are responsible for our sense of smell?
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Tears empty into the nasal cavities by way of the nasolacrimal ducts.
Tears empty into the nasal cavities by way of the nasolacrimal ducts.
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What are the air- filled spaces of the paranasal sinuses?
What are the air- filled spaces of the paranasal sinuses?
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What structure separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity?
What structure separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity?
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What is the function of the tonsils?
What is the function of the tonsils?
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The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air.
The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air.
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The Adam's apple is located at the posterior neck.
The Adam's apple is located at the posterior neck.
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What type of tissue are the vocal cords made of, and what supports them?
What type of tissue are the vocal cords made of, and what supports them?
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When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound.
When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound.
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What part of the larynx regulates voice pitch?
What part of the larynx regulates voice pitch?
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What determines the loudness of our voice?
What determines the loudness of our voice?
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The growth of the larynx and vocal cords is much faster and accentuated in females than in males during puberty.
The growth of the larynx and vocal cords is much faster and accentuated in females than in males during puberty.
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The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
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What is the function of the trachea?
What is the function of the trachea?
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What keeps the trachea open, allowing for a patent airway?
What keeps the trachea open, allowing for a patent airway?
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The trachea is located posterior to the esophagus.
The trachea is located posterior to the esophagus.
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What are the smallest conducting airways of the respiratory system?
What are the smallest conducting airways of the respiratory system?
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Bronchioles are supported by cartilage.
Bronchioles are supported by cartilage.
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What are alveoli?
What are alveoli?
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Alveoli are lined with an extremely thin layer of water-based tissue fluid.
Alveoli are lined with an extremely thin layer of water-based tissue fluid.
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Surfactant is a film of lipoprotein that increases surface tension in the alveoli.
Surfactant is a film of lipoprotein that increases surface tension in the alveoli.
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What type of cells defend the body against foreign particles in the alveoli?
What type of cells defend the body against foreign particles in the alveoli?
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The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood.
The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood.
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Gas exchange occurs between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood.
Gas exchange occurs between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood.
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Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the alveoli during internal respiration.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the alveoli during internal respiration.
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Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood during internal respiration.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood during internal respiration.
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What are the two main ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
What are the two main ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
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What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?
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The chloride shift is a mechanism that helps maintain electrical balance between the plasma and red blood cells.
The chloride shift is a mechanism that helps maintain electrical balance between the plasma and red blood cells.
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The respiratory system is a major player in regulating blood pH.
The respiratory system is a major player in regulating blood pH.
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Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting in decreased pH, and potentially acidosis.
Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting in decreased pH, and potentially acidosis.
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Hyperventilation causes a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels, resulting in a higher pH, and potentially alkalosis.
Hyperventilation causes a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels, resulting in a higher pH, and potentially alkalosis.
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Both acidosis and alkalosis can interfere with cell enzyme function and are not serious conditions.
Both acidosis and alkalosis can interfere with cell enzyme function and are not serious conditions.
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The lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity.
The lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity.
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During inspiration, the respiratory muscles passively expand, while the lungs actively expand.
During inspiration, the respiratory muscles passively expand, while the lungs actively expand.
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What is created by the surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura?
What is created by the surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura?
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Inspiration is the passive phase of ventilation and does not require muscular effort.
Inspiration is the passive phase of ventilation and does not require muscular effort.
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Expiration does not require muscular effort.
Expiration does not require muscular effort.
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The diaphragm contracts during expiration.
The diaphragm contracts during expiration.
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The rib cage moves up and outward during expiration.
The rib cage moves up and outward during expiration.
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The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during expiration.
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during expiration.
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During maximum inspiratory effort, the accessory muscles of respiration are not involved.
During maximum inspiratory effort, the accessory muscles of respiration are not involved.
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Forced expiration is primarily used during resting conditions.
Forced expiration is primarily used during resting conditions.
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During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles contract and the abdominal wall muscles relax.
During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles contract and the abdominal wall muscles relax.
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A spirometer is an instrument that records the volume of air exchanged during breathing.
A spirometer is an instrument that records the volume of air exchanged during breathing.
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A spirogram is a visual representation of the measurements recorded by a spirometer.
A spirogram is a visual representation of the measurements recorded by a spirometer.
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What is the normal tidal volume in relaxed breathing?
What is the normal tidal volume in relaxed breathing?
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What is the vital capacity?
What is the vital capacity?
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What is the residual volume?
What is the residual volume?
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The dead air space is the volume of air that does not reach the alveoli because it remains in the airways.
The dead air space is the volume of air that does not reach the alveoli because it remains in the airways.
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Control of ventilation is influenced by nervous and chemical input.
Control of ventilation is influenced by nervous and chemical input.
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The phrenic nerve carries impulses to the diaphragm.
The phrenic nerve carries impulses to the diaphragm.
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The intercostal nerves stimulate the external intercostal muscles to contract.
The intercostal nerves stimulate the external intercostal muscles to contract.
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Normal, quiet breathing is called hyperpnea.
Normal, quiet breathing is called hyperpnea.
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The Hering-Breuer reflex prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
The Hering-Breuer reflex prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
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Chemoreceptors are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels.
Chemoreceptors are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion levels.
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Chemoreceptors are located in carotid arteries and aorta.
Chemoreceptors are located in carotid arteries and aorta.
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system's main function is gas exchange, allowing oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release.
- Inspiration (breathing in) brings air toward the lungs through cavities, tubes, and openings.
- Expiration (breathing out) removes air from the lungs using similar pathways.
Learning Outcomes
- Understanding the respiratory system's structure and function, including pathways of air.
- Learning the mechanism of breathing, including muscle contractions.
- Understanding gas exchange and transport, involving oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Introduction
- The respiratory system works together with the cardiovascular system to facilitate gas exchange.
- Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
- External respiration is the exchange of gases between air and blood.
- Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid.
- Gas transport delivers necessary components to cells, and removes waste.
The Respiratory Tract
- Air travels from the nose to the lungs.
- The respiratory tract cleanses, warms, and moistens the air.
- Nasal hairs and cilia in the respiratory tract remove dust and bacteria.
- The mucociliary escalator moves mucus, dust, and contaminants upward to the pharynx.
- Air is warmed by blood flowing through nearby vessels.
The Nose
- External portion of the respiratory system.
- Two nasal cavities are separated by a septum.
- Lined with a mucous membrane for humidifying air.
- Nasal conchae increase the surface area for moistening and warming air.
- Odor receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium.
- Tears and fluids drain into the nasal cavities via nasolacrimal canals.
- Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces that reduce the skull's weight and resonate the voice.
- The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate.
The Pharynx (Throat)
- A funnel-shaped passageway connecting nasal and oral cavities to the larynx.
- Three parts; Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.
- Tonsils are located in the pharynx and contain lymphocytes for pathogen defense.
- The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.
The Larynx (Voicebox)
- Cartilaginous structure between the pharynx and trachea.
- Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence) is a prominent part of the larynx.
- Contains vocal cords; air passing through them creates sound.
- Epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
The Trachea (Windpipe)
- Connects the larynx to the bronchi.
- Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings to maintain an open airway.
- Contains mucus-producing goblet cells and cilia (mucociliary escalator).
- Smoking can damage cilia, affecting the mucociliary escalator's function.
The Bronchial Tree
- Trachea branches into right and left primary bronchi.
- Each bronchus branches into smaller bronchioles.
- Bronchioles lead to alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
- Support is provided by cartilage plates, which become smaller progressing through the bronchial tree.
The Lungs
- Paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
- Right lung has 3 lobes, and the left lung has 2 lobes.
- Lobules (small divisions of each lobe) contain bronchioles, pulmonary arteries/arterioles, capillaries, and alveoli.
- The lungs are enclosed by serous membranes (pleura), which decreases friction during ventilation. The pleura create a thin layer of fluid to decrease friction.
The Alveoli
- Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
- Surrounded by extensive pulmonary capillaries.
- Thin walls and large surface area promote rapid gas exchange.
- Surfactant helps prevent alveolar collapse.
- White blood cells combat any inhaled pathogens or debris .
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
- Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood, oxygenated blood is transported throughout body.
- Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveoli, where it's exhaled from body.
Gas Exchange in the Tissues
- Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue fluid, and then into cells.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into tissue fluid, then into the blood.
Gas Transport
- Oxygen is transported primarily by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
- Carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
Control of Ventilation
- Ventilation is regulated by respiratory control centers in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem.
- Nervous signals and chemical factors such as pH regulate respiration rate and depth.
- Chemoreceptors monitor blood gas levels (CO2 and O2) and blood pH, influencing breathing rate.
Measurement of Ventilation
- Spirometer measures air movement during breathing.
- Spirograms display patterns of air exchange during breathing, including different volumes and capacities of air.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity.
Measurement of Ventilation
- Spirometer (instrument) records the volume of air exchanged during breathing.
- Spirograms show measurements recorded by a spirometer.
Additional Information
- Respiratory volumes and capacities provide a measure of respiratory function.
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