Untitled Quiz

Study Notes

Functional Groups Study Notes

Alkene
- Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
- General formula: CnH2n.
- Commonly used in the production of plastics and chemicals.
Alkyne
- Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C).
- General formula: CnH2n-2.
- Known for their use in welding and in organic synthesis.
Arene
- Aromatic hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene rings.
- Characterized by resonance and stability.
- Common examples include benzene and toluene.
Alkyl Chloride
- Organic compounds derived from hydrocarbons with one or more chlorine atoms.
- Can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon atom connected to chlorine.
- Used in various chemical syntheses and as solvents.
Alcohol
- Organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
- General formula: R-OH, where R is an alkyl group.
- Examples: ethanol (found in beverages), methanol (used as a solvent).
Ether
- Organic compounds featuring an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').
- Generally have low reactivity and are used as solvents.
- Examples include diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
Amine
- Organic derivatives of ammonia (NH3) with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.
- Classification: primary, secondary, or tertiary based on nitrogen connectivity.
- Commonly used in pharmaceuticals and as building blocks in organic synthesis.
Aldehyde
- Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) with at least one hydrogen atom attached.
- General formula: R-CHO.
- Used in the production of plastics, fragrances, and solvents.
Ketone
- Organic compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms.
- General formula: R-CO-R'.
- Examples include acetone (used as a solvent) and butanone.
Carboxylic Acid
- Organic acids with a carboxyl group (-COOH).
- General formula: R-COOH.
- Found in vinegar (acetic acid) and fatty acids in lipids.
Acid Chloride
- Reactive compounds derived from carboxylic acids, replacing the hydroxyl group with a chlorine atom.
- General formula: R-CO-Cl.
- Used in the synthesis of esters and amides.
Ester
- Compounds formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
- General formula: R-COO-R'.
- Often characterized by pleasant fragrances, found in fruits.
Amide
- Organic derivatives of carboxylic acids formed when the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group (-NH2).
- General formula: R-CO-NH2.
- Important in biochemistry, forming the linkages in proteins.