Sample Quiz

fluid that flows through lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels capillaries vessels trunks ducts

filtration at the arterial end of the blood capillary bed moving fluid into the interstitial space. 15% of fluid remains.

lymph

water dissolved solutes- ions, proteins cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells

ducts, trunks, vessels, capillaries

primary: cells are made in red bone marrow or t-cells mature in the (thymus) secondary: house immune cells

small, closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid. Interspersed around most blood capillaries. Absent in red bone marrow/avascular tissue.

anchoring filaments

lymphatic capillaries in GI tract

lipid-soluble

hydrostatic pressure; preventing collapse

blood circulation

wandering cancer cells that establish secondary tumors.

liver

lymph or blood stream

they are fed by lymphatic capillaries. located adjacent to arteries and veins have all three vessel tunics have valves to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph

lymphatic system lacks a pump. It is moved using

1. contraction of skeletal muscles
2. respiratory pump 3)pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
3. contraction of smooth muscle in walls of vessel

lymphatic vessels

head and neck

upper limbs breasts superficial thoracic wall

deep thoracic structures

most abdominal structures

lower limbs abdominopelvic wall pelvic organs

they are fed by lymphatic trunks largest lymphatic vessels bring lymph to venous blood circulation

right duct: located near the right clavicle, right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein thoracic duct: diaphragm to left subclavian vein and let internal jugular vein.

thoracic duct

diaphragm; left subclavian; left subclavian jugular vein

cysterna chyli; chyme

left side of the head and neck, left upper limb, all of abdomen, pelvis, and both lower limbs

tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of interstitial fluid that is usually drained by the lymphatic system. Most commonly affects the arms or legs. Also occur in the chest wall, abdomen, neck, and genitals.

swelling in arm, leg, fingers, toes feeling heaviness or tightness recurring infections hardening or thickening of skin

cancer radiation surgery parasites inherited conditions

older age obesity rheumatoid arthritis

formation and maturation

between the trabeculae of spongy bone. In flat bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, heads of the humerus and femur.

hematopoises

rbc's platelets wbc's

thymus

all formed elements except for T-lymphocytes leave the red bone marrow to enter blood circulation. T-lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the thymus prior to circulating in the blood.

immature;thymus;blood vessels

mediastinum (superior)

2

lobules

tissues and organs, like lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), where lymphocytes (a type of immune cell) gather and interact with antigens, leading to the development of an adaptive immune response

filter lymph

small, round/oval, encapsulated

pathway of lymph vessels

around 600-800

numerous afferent vessels

efferent vessel

trabeculae

lymphoid nodules

cortical sinuses

medullary cords

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afferent vessels

remove foreign debris from lymph

swelling

fever night sweats fatigue painless swelling of lymph nodes in abdomen, neck, armpits, or grion losing weight without trying

begins with changes in DNA of a lymphocyte they grow out of control, cause too many diseased lymphocytes in lymph nodes.

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL)

Has a specific type of cancerous cell called Reed-Sternberg cells (large, abnormal B cells).

More predictable spread, usually moving from one lymph node group to another in an orderly way.

More commonly diagnosed in young adults (ages 15-40) and older adults (over 55).

Often has a high cure rate, especially with early treatment.

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

Includes many different types of lymphomas (more than 60 subtypes).

Does not have Reed-Sternberg cells.

Can arise from B cells or T cells, affecting different parts of the lymphatic system.

More unpredictable spread and can be either slow-growing (indolent) or aggressive.

More common than Hodgkin’s lymphoma and usually occurs in older adults.

located in the left upper abdominal quadrant. lateral to left kidney and posterolateral to stomach.

convex

red and white pulp

filter blood (not lymph) phagocytize foreign material + old RBC/platelets (red pulp). Red/white pulp blood reservoir + storage site for RBC's platelets (red pulp)

splenic artery, central artery, sinusoids, venules, splenic vein

extramedullary hematopoiesis

surgical removal of the spleen: may be performed due to ruptured spleen from abdominal injury, infection, cyst, tumor lymphoma or other cancer blood disorders

blood-borne infections more likely

-pharyngeal tonsils: nasopharynx, called adenoids when enlarged -palatine tonsils: in posterolateral oral cavity -lingual tonsils:along posterior one-third of tongue

inflammation and infection of the tonsils

palatine

Structure: Composed mainly of B cells, sometimes with a germinal center (where B cells proliferate in response to antigens).

Location: Found in mucous membranes, including the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Function: Help detect and respond to pathogens that enter through mucosal surfaces.

(Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) MALT is a collection of lymphoid nodules found in mucosal linings that protect against infections at points where pathogens commonly enter the body. It is not encapsulated and is an important part of the immune system.