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Questions and Answers

What characterizes malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?

  • Malignant tumors are well differentiated.
  • Malignant tumors are invasive. (correct)
  • Malignant tumors grow slowly.
  • Malignant tumors are well encapsulated.

    • Which of the following statements about carcinoma in situ (CIS) is true?

  • CIS can spread distantly.
  • CIS is highly differentiated.
  • CIS is considered pre-cancer. (correct)
  • CIS has invaded surrounding tissues.

    • Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability to avoid programmed cell death?

  • Sustained proliferative signaling
  • Resistance to apoptotic cell death (correct)
  • Inducing angiogenesis
  • Genomic instability

    • How does chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development?

    <p>It initiates tumor-associated inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT associated with cancer development?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of benign tumors?

    <p>They grow slowly and are encapsulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genomic instability in cancer refer to?

    <p>Frequent mutations and chromosomal alterations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of cancer?

    <p>Increased apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Stage III cancer in terms of metastasis?

    <p>Spread to regional structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tumor markers?

    <p>To diagnose specific types of tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemotherapy is administered after surgery to eliminate micrometastasis?

    <p>Adjuvant chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Stage IV cancer defined?

    <p>Distant metastasis to other organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of induction chemotherapy?

    <p>To shrink or eliminate tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant downside of using tumor markers in clinical practice?

    <p>They can produce false positives and negatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

    <p>To eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer treatment involves surgical intervention to prevent cancer before it develops?

    <p>Colon polyp removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most frequently reported among cancer patients?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of pain in late-stage cancer?

    <p>Obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type commonly metastasizes to the liver?

    <p>Colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal hemoglobin level generally accepted in adults?

    <p>15 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of cachexia?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directly causes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in cancer patients?

    <p>Direct tumor invasion to the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemotherapy side effect leads to changes in hair and skin?

    <p>Alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for increased infection risk in cancer patients?

    <p>Lymphocyte count fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant way that physical activity reduces cancer risk?

    <p>Decreases obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dietary components is true?

    <p>Some dietary components can prevent cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alcohol consumption relate to cancer risk?

    <p>There is no identified safe limit of alcohol intake regarding cancer risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation?

    <p>Causes cell death, gene mutations, and chromosome aberrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is primarily associated with ultraviolet radiation?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is classified as non-ionizing and low-frequency?

    <p>Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to chronic inflammation linked to obesity?

    <p>High levels of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential effect can xenobiotics have on human health?

    <p>They can be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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