2PA3 Test 3

Element = Classification of faunal remains into a specific skeletal part of the body. Ex Cranium, rib, femur Taxon = Classification of skeletal elements into taxonomic categories. Example : Species, genus, family, or order Size Class = Categorization of faunal remains into one of five categories based on body size, ex. Class 1: Rodent- and rabbit-size animals blank = blank

NISP = total number of identified bones per taxon MNI = smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all identified bones per taxon of similar ages ZooMS = can unambiguously identify taxa by fingerprinting bone collagen blank = blank

Class 1 = Rodent- and rabbit-size animals Class 2 = Wolf- and antelope-size animals Class 3 = Deer, bighorn sheep, etc. Class 4 = Bison- and elk-size animals

<p>Class 5 = Giraffes, hippos, elephants, etc Class 4 = Bison- and elk-size animal Class 2 = Wolf- and antelope-size animals Class 3 = Deer, bighorn sheep, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foraging = Hunting and gathering + living in temporary camps Horticulture = Deliberate planting of subsistence crops to supplement foraging diet Pastoralism = Raising livestock through seasonal moves for water and pasture Agriculture = Plant cultivation using draft animals, machinery, or hand tools in which large plots of land are farmed on an annual basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foraging = Social rank by age, sex, gender, skill Horticulture = Hunting + cultivating plants Pastoralism = No ownership of land, understood land tenure system Agriculture = Generally practiced by members affiliated with chiefdoms and state-level societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>is a climatic interval in which the world saw a rapid shift to cooler and drier conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the return of warmer and wetter conditions, human groups occupied even larger villages, traded, foraged, cultivated a greater number of plants, and stored food</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neolithic Revolution = The adoption of agriculture and domesticates went hand-in-hand with socio- economic changes beginning around 12,000 years ago Secondary Products Revolution = Management changes towards exploiting animals when alive Earlier Neolithic = Animals exploited primarily for meat, hides, and bones blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ground stone tools = Food processing, new cuisines Pottery = Storage, cooking, cultural expression Sedentism = Village life, reduced mobility Craft specialisation = Labourers, ceramicists, religious leaders, politicians,</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earlier Neolithic Primary products = Hide clothing, containers, tools, ornaments Later Neolithic Secondary products = Milk, cheese, wool clothing, traction, transport blank = blank blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oasis Theory = Animal domestication arose as peoples, plants, and animals congregated around water sources Hilly Flanks Theory = Agriculture arose in areas where wild ancestors of domesticated wheat and barley grow Density-Equilibrium Model = Attributes the origins of agriculture to population pressure in favorable environments that resulted in emigration to marginal lands where agriculture was needed to increase productivity Social Competition = Agriculture arose to increase productivity so that certain individuals could garner prestige and power through competitive feasts and ostentatious displays of wealth in the form of exotic items obtained through trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal domestication arose as peoples, plants, and animals congregated around water sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributes the origins of agriculture to population pressure in favorable environments that resulted in emigration to marginal lands where agriculture was needed to increase productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palaeobotany = The study and interpretation of plant remains from archaeological sites in order to understand past interactions between human populations and plants Macrobotanical Remains = Recognizable plant remains visible to the naked eye Microbotanical Remains = Tiny plant remains invisible to the naked eye blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollen = Terrestrial plants release pollen grains (male gametes) for reproduction Phytoliths = Silica particles deposited inside plants that take on the shape and size of the space between surrounding cells Starch = Carbohydrate complexes housed in plant cells and a rich source of energy blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollen = Distributed in a large scale Phytoliths = Not distributed in a large scale Macrobotanical Remains = Caches of pine nuts, Charcoal from a hearth, Carbonized seeds Microbotanical Remains = Pollen, phytoliths, starch,</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historically disenfranchised groups, historical events, European colonialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural Resource Management (CRM) = Came a lot of archeology and discovery from the last 500 years Foreshadow to post-processualism = Where people had agency - weren't just cogs in a big wheel - could advocate for change From individuals to events and world systems = Slave trade from resources found and brought back to England to afford to buy and trade slaves Historical events = Battle of waterloo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repatriation = transfer of cultural property to the originating country, community, family, or individual Heritage = practices, places, collective memories, traditions, and objects that people wish to preserve and pass on to future generations Cultural Property = important material to a group’s heritage Appropriation = taking without permission or consent; to use without having proper knowledge or understanding of a particular object, property, culture, or right</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>USA Legislation = Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) : Ensures that human remains and objects of cultural patrimony housed at federally funded museums are offered for repatriation to affiliated Native American tribes Canada Legislation = Since the 1970s, legislation began to mandate that many lands be assessed for past human use prior to development Blank = blank blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiquities Trade = Surf any online auction house and you can find real artefacts for sale Human Remains Trade = Real human remains of sometimes questionable origin can be purchased online balnk = blank blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jesuit Outpost: Sainte-Marie Ontario = Outpost founded in 1639 to bring Christianity to the local Hurons, Destroyed in 1648-49 by raiding Iroquois war parties 1960-70s were marked by civil rights movements and pan-Indianism across the United States and beyond = Selma (Alabama) and Wounded Knee (South Dakota) Monticello (Virginia) = Thomas Jefferson, President, archaeologist, and slave owner Gravestones = Monuments intended to commemorate the dead and serve as physical reminders of the transitory nature of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coprolites = Desiccated faeces often contain macro/microbotanical remains along with small animal bones Fuel = Woody plants were commonly used as fuel for fire and can be identified according to diagnostic features to determine fuel sources, fire types, cooking techniques, etc. Pit Storage = A common feature at archaeological sites and were generally used to store dietary and utilitarian resources Palaeobotany = The study and interpretation of plant remains from archaeological sites in order to understand past interactions between human populations and plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palaeodiet = What did our ancestors eat and how do we know Subsistence Strategies = Foraging / Horticulture / Pastoralism / Agriculture Blank 1 = Blank 1 Blank 2 = Blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palaeolithic = (Old Stone Age) 3.3 million years ago - Foraging Mesolithic = (Middle Stone Age) 20 thousand years ago - Emergence of horticultural societies Neolithic = (New Stone Age) 12 thousand years ago blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faunal reamins = Allow archaeologists can reconstruct ancient diets, seasonality, economic activities, trade networks, environmental conditions, and even ritual practices Comparative Collection = A skeletal collection of modern fauna of both sexes and different ages used to identify faunal remains from archaeological sites Zooarchaeology = The study of animal remains from archaeological sites can provide vital information about human behaviour through time and space blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaeological Collections = Acts as a repository of archaeological collections to preserve cultural heritage for future generations (and researchers) Cultural Heritage = Wars, natural disasters, and climate change continue to destroy cultural heritage around the globe Remote Sensing = Allows modern archaeologists to transcend the idea that only physical remains can offer information about the past Pyrotechnology = Ethnographic data and historical documents point to the extensive, controlled use of fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrotechnology = By using fire we can control the environment Remote Sensing = Residential schools Cultural Heritage = When extremist groups come in and may want to change history Archaeological Collections = McMaster’s Sustainable Archaeology centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indigenous Archaeology = An archaeology that is “by, for and with” Indigenous peoples Traditional Knowledge = Many disciplines like climatology, botany, and archaeology have made new “discoveries” based on the Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous peoples blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stewardship, Inclusion, Social Relevancy, Ethics, Morals and Innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>is the study of all aspects of humankind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropology = the study of all aspects of humankind 4 subfeilds of anthropology = Biological, archeological, cultural, and linguistic Anthropological Archaeology = the study of remains left behind by past peoples across the globe Processual archaeology = emphasizes evolutionary generalizations, not historical specifics, and often downplays the importance of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideational Perspective = A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior Adaptive Perspective = A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior Processualism = emphasised the use of the scientific method, explicitly non-political Post-processualism = a paradigm that focuses on humanistic approaches and rejects scientific objectivity, archaeology is political</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-level theory = Theory that seeks to answer large “why” questions Middle-level theory = Hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them Low-level theory = Observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In situ = The original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited Ex situ = Away from the original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited Provenience = An artifact’s location relative to a system of spatial data collection Context = The relationship of an artefact, ecofact, or feature to other artefacts, ecofacts, features, and layers within a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provenience = E.g. Ceramic-1 is located 7 cm from Ceramic-2, both 10 cm below ground. Context = E.g. Bone 1 is located within a hearth (Feature 1), which contains 25 pieces of charcoal (ecofact). blank = blank blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sieving = The use of sieves can allow archaeologists to uncover extremely small artefacts /ecofacts like pieces of charcoal, burned seeds, bone splinters, etc. Water-Screening = Buckets of dirt are poured onto a screen and sprayed with water until all the sediment is washed through Matrix-Sorting = The hand sorting of processed bulk soil / sediment samples for tiny artefacts / ecofacts Flotation = The use of fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant remains and bone fragments from archaeological sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artifact = is any object made by a human being Ecofact = is any organic material that has been recovered Relative Dating = Dates expressed relative to one another based on the law of superposition and stratigraphic principles, ex; Earlier than X ,Later than Y Absolute Dating = A date expressed in specific units of scientific measurement, such as days, years, centuries, or millennia Absolute determinations attempting to</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiocarbon Dating = Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials “Old Wood Problem” = A potential problem in which old wood has been scavenged and reused at a later archaeological site Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere de Vries Effects = Fluctuations in the atmosphere’s Carbon-14 content ex. Greenhouse gasses fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trapped Charge Dating = Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation Potassium-Argon Dating = Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time Typology = Objective, explicit, reproducible, and systematic arrangement of artefacts into “types” blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphological = Descriptive and abstract grouping of individual artefacts whose focus is on overall similarity in shape and size Temporal = known as a time-marker or index fossil , dates to a certain time Functional = A class of artefacts that performed the same function blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phases = Spatially limited to roughly a locality or region and chronologically limited to the briefest interval of time possible Components = An archaeological construct consisting of a stratum or set of strata presumed to be culturally homogeneous Assemblages = Collection of artefacts of one or several classes of materials from a defined context such as a site, feature, or stratum blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agate Basin (Wyoming) = Folsom hunters occupied the site at the end of winter or the beginning of spring, ◊ Modern bison give birth between late April and early May thereby allowing calves to mature prior to the next winter Chavín de Huántar (Peru) = Different distribution of camelid bones reflects changes in economic and social relationships between _______ and highland communities Stillwater Marsh (Nevada) = Archeologists infer, people were going to the wet land, collecting their bulrush and bringing it back ; Two households with contradictory palaeobotanical data Using radio carbon dating blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New York City’s African Burial Ground = the bones of 427 enslaved Africans, interred by their own community, were discovered beneath a parking lot in downtown New York City Stanley South and Pattern Recognition = maintained that artefacts found at (historical) archaeological sites were static remains of patterned human behaviour The Ancient One / Kennewick Man = Upon discovery, local Native American tribes claimed this individual to be their ancestor and requested that the remains be turned over under the law blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stolen Spirits of Haida Gwaii = European missionaries would forbade the ______ of burial rituals and destroy their cultural property North America’s Ice-Free Corridor = Environmental DNA (and pollen) from lake cores in Alberta dating to the Last Glacial Maximum indicate that the area was not a viable migration route for humans prior to 12,600 years ago blank = blank blank 1 = blank 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>What can explain the curious decrease in camelid head/foot bones over time? = leg bones become rarer with decline in hunting and gathering Ch’arki = (jerky) consists of dried meat on long bones with head/foot bones cut of Different distribution of camelid bones reflects changes in = economic and social relationships between Chavín de Huántar and highland communities blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charcoal = Reed, greasewood, and willow Pollen = Mostly bulrush blank = blank blank 1 = blank 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cattail = has to be eaten right away - seasonal indictaor Pine nuts = can be stored Coprolites = were soaked and washed through a sieve to extract food remains blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial tensions = Community of Harlem brought in - black scholars were brough in Half the population died before the age of = 12 Peak in mortality = 15-20 blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brunswick Pattern = Practice of discarding refuse at the entranceways to houses, shops, and forts on British colonial sites Frontier Pattern = Urban and rural areas distinguished based on ceramic frequencies, with lower percentages typically found further away from supply lines on British colonial sites Métis = people usually of mixed heritage Métis sites far from urban centres on the Canadian Plains = yielded fragile, costly ceramics of European origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Barack Obama = Signed legislation which ordered the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to repatriate the remains to a coalition of five claimant tribes within 90 days A judge ruled = Kennewick Man was not Native American and the appeals court upheld the ruling in 2004 blank = blank blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European missionaries = forbade of burial rituals and destroy's cultural property Haida Repatriation Committee = bringing their ancestral remains home from museums and universities around the world blank = blank blank 1 = blank 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 = Foraging 2 = Horticulture 3 = Pastoralism 4 = Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers