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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of religion in society?
What is one of the primary functions of religion in society?
What belief distinguishes polytheistic religions from monotheistic religions?
What belief distinguishes polytheistic religions from monotheistic religions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of religions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of religions?
What role do rituals play in religion?
What role do rituals play in religion?
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What percentage of Israel's population identifies as Jewish?
What percentage of Israel's population identifies as Jewish?
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Who is recognized as the main founder of Judaism?
Who is recognized as the main founder of Judaism?
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What is the holy scripture of Islam?
What is the holy scripture of Islam?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Pillars of Islam?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Pillars of Islam?
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Which belief is central to Hinduism?
Which belief is central to Hinduism?
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Which symbol is associated with Judaism?
Which symbol is associated with Judaism?
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What is the primary focus of traditional Christianity?
What is the primary focus of traditional Christianity?
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What is the significance of the Apostles Creed in Christianity?
What is the significance of the Apostles Creed in Christianity?
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Which of the following is considered polytheistic in nature?
Which of the following is considered polytheistic in nature?
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What is the primary focus of social sciences?
What is the primary focus of social sciences?
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Which philosopher is credited with coining the term 'sociology'?
Which philosopher is credited with coining the term 'sociology'?
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Which aspect is emphasized by Henry Pratt Fairchild in his definition of social science?
Which aspect is emphasized by Henry Pratt Fairchild in his definition of social science?
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Which religion has the highest percentage of followers worldwide according to the provided statistics?
Which religion has the highest percentage of followers worldwide according to the provided statistics?
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What does Peter Lewis suggest about social sciences?
What does Peter Lewis suggest about social sciences?
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How can the historical development of social sciences best be described?
How can the historical development of social sciences best be described?
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In which context did Martin Seligman define social sciences?
In which context did Martin Seligman define social sciences?
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How is religion characterized in the provided content?
How is religion characterized in the provided content?
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Study Notes
Social Science
- Study of human relationships and social phenomena.
- Methodological approach to understanding society and its impacts.
- Focuses on changes in human relationships over time.
- Examines the interaction of cultural, biological, and physical elements in human activities.
- Investigates basic social systems and institutions.
- Analyzes relationships between individuals and institutions.
- Explores the nature of societies and interactions between people and their environments.
Historical Background of Social Sciences
- Roots can be traced back to Greek civilization.
- Developed as separate fields of knowledge during the modern period.
- Influential figures: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Auguste Comte
- French philosopher who coined the term "sociology".
- Systematized and analyzed principles of social sciences.
- Attempted to unify history, psychology, and economics for a comprehensive understanding of society.
Martin Seligman
- American psychologist and author of self-help books.
- Defines social sciences as those dealing with individual activities within groups.
Henry Pratt Fairchild
- American sociologist.
- Described social sciences as encompassing all sciences that concern human affairs.
Peter Lewis
- Argued that social sciences focus on laws governing society and human social behavior.
World Religions
- Buddhism: 6.9% global population
- Hinduism: 15.1% global population
- Christianity: 31.2% global population
- Islam: 24.1% global population
- Judaism: 0.2% global population
- Unaffiliated: 16% global population
- Folk Religions: 5.7% global population
- Other Religions: 0.8% global population
Religion
- Belief in and worship of deities or supernatural entities.
- Belief in spiritual beings.
- Structured collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and worldviews that interpret human experience.
Significance Of Religion
- Provides moral and ethical framework, guiding principles for a good life.
- Acts as a unifying force, bringing people together through shared beliefs, practices, and rituals.
- Contributes to social cohesion and solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs.
- Offers social control by enforcing religious morals and norms to maintain conformity.
- Provides a sense of purpose in life.
- Carries archetypes, symbols, stories, and worldviews.
- Strongly influences political, economic, and social policy development.
Basic Elements of Religions
- Belief in Supernatural Powers:
- Belief in formless and unseen powers that influence human life.
- Varying beliefs across religions.
- Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods/goddesses (e.g., Hinduism).
- Monotheism: Belief in one God (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, Islam).
- Belief in Holy or Sacred:
- Central to religion.
- Represented through symbols.
- Symbolizes both unseen and tangible aspects.
- System of Rituals:
- Practical side of religion.
- Variety of behaviors including: - Wearing specific clothing. - Reciting prayers and hymns. - Taking rituals in holy places. - Singing, dancing, fasting, etc.
Judaism (1300 B.C.)
- Originates from the Hebrew term "Yehudah" meaning Judah.
- Predominant religion in Israel, constituting 75.6% of the population.
- Approx. 18 million followers globally (2018 data).
- Ancient Jewish communities still exist in Turkey, Iran, and Uzbekistan.
- Founder: Moses, though its history extends back to Abraham.
- Symbol: Star of David.
- Place of Origin: Israel (The Land of Jews).
- Holy Scripture: Tanach (Jewish Bible) composed of Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim.
Core Teachings of Judaism
- God created the universe.
- God's creation is inherently good.
- Human beings were created in the image of God.
Christianity
- Global religion, founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ.
- Originates from the Greek term "Christos" meaning "anointed", referring to Jesus Christ.
Basic Teachings of Christianity
- Central teachings: Jesus is the Son of God, the second person of the Trinity (God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit).
- Key tenets: Apostles Creed, Lord's Prayer, Celebration of Holy Week/Lenten Season, Christmas, Fiestas honoring Saints.
Islam
- Submission to the will of Allah.
- Followers are called Muslims (Moslem).
Founders of Islam
- Prophet Muhammad (A.D. 570) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
- Considered the last prophet sent by Allah.
Place of Origin of Islam
- Saudi Arabia, with Mecca as its holy city.
Holy Scripture of Islam
- Quran, considered the word of God.
Core Teachings of Islam
- Five Pillars of Islam:
- Shahada: Declaration of faith.
- Salat: Five daily prayers facing Mecca, after ritual washing.
- Zakat: Giving a percentage of earnings to charity.
- Saum: Fasting during Ramadan, a time for reflection and purification.
- Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hinduism
- World's oldest religion (~4,000 years old).
- Followers known as Hindus.
- Indian religion and dharma (way of life).
- Third-largest religion, with over 1.25 billion followers (15-16% of global population).
Founders of Hinduism
- Indo-Aryans who established the religion.
- Belief system: Polytheistic.
- Place of Origin: Indus Valley in India.
- Holy Scripture: Vedas.
Core Teachings of Hinduism
- Belief in reincarnation (transmigration of the soul).
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