Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary definition of bronchiectasis?
What is the primary definition of bronchiectasis?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of bronchial asthma?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of bronchial asthma?
What is an essential component of managing a patient in respiratory failure?
What is an essential component of managing a patient in respiratory failure?
Which nursing intervention is most important for maintaining an airway in a patient with chest injuries?
Which nursing intervention is most important for maintaining an airway in a patient with chest injuries?
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What is a possible complication of postoperative care in patients with respiratory failure?
What is a possible complication of postoperative care in patients with respiratory failure?
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Which type of hernia is characterized by the stomach pushing through the diaphragm?
Which type of hernia is characterized by the stomach pushing through the diaphragm?
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What is the main cause of cirrhosis of the liver?
What is the main cause of cirrhosis of the liver?
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Which of the following is a symptom associated with gastrointestinal bleeding?
Which of the following is a symptom associated with gastrointestinal bleeding?
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What is a common indication for performing a colostomy?
What is a common indication for performing a colostomy?
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Which of the following is a type of colostomy?
Which of the following is a type of colostomy?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with cirrhosis of the liver?
Which symptom is commonly associated with cirrhosis of the liver?
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What is a potential complication of a colostomy?
What is a potential complication of a colostomy?
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What constitutes the pathophysiology of cirrhosis?
What constitutes the pathophysiology of cirrhosis?
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What is a recommended aspect of nursing care for a patient post-colostomy?
What is a recommended aspect of nursing care for a patient post-colostomy?
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What is a major complication associated with chronic renal failure?
What is a major complication associated with chronic renal failure?
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In the context of thyroidectomy, what is an indicated complication that a patient may face?
In the context of thyroidectomy, what is an indicated complication that a patient may face?
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Which nursing management strategy is essential for a patient undergoing haemodialysis?
Which nursing management strategy is essential for a patient undergoing haemodialysis?
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Which dietary intervention is important for managing hypertension?
Which dietary intervention is important for managing hypertension?
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Which medical management approach is commonly used for congestive cardiac failure?
Which medical management approach is commonly used for congestive cardiac failure?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of diabetes mellitus?
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What is a key nursing management strategy for patients with glomerulonephritis?
What is a key nursing management strategy for patients with glomerulonephritis?
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Which of the following dietary considerations is critical for a patient with nephritic syndrome?
Which of the following dietary considerations is critical for a patient with nephritic syndrome?
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What is the primary pathophysiological feature associated with prostatitis?
What is the primary pathophysiological feature associated with prostatitis?
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Which type of hypoglycemic drug is usually prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Which type of hypoglycemic drug is usually prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
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What is one of the primary purposes of traction in musculoskeletal management?
What is one of the primary purposes of traction in musculoskeletal management?
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Which of the following correctly describes the care needed for a patient in skeletal traction?
Which of the following correctly describes the care needed for a patient in skeletal traction?
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Which principle is essential for effective traction management?
Which principle is essential for effective traction management?
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What is a common complication associated with untreated osteoporosis?
What is a common complication associated with untreated osteoporosis?
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Which option represents a key predisposing factor for osteoporosis?
Which option represents a key predisposing factor for osteoporosis?
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What is one characteristic symptom of HIV/AIDS that healthcare providers should recognize?
What is one characteristic symptom of HIV/AIDS that healthcare providers should recognize?
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What are the primary clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure?
What are the primary clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure?
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What is a significant aspect of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV/AIDS?
What is a significant aspect of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV/AIDS?
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Which anesthesia method is typically used for lower body surgeries?
Which anesthesia method is typically used for lower body surgeries?
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Which blood parameters are typically measured to diagnose anemia?
Which blood parameters are typically measured to diagnose anemia?
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What is the main difference between primary and secondary polycythemia?
What is the main difference between primary and secondary polycythemia?
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Which type of kidney stone is primarily composed of calcium oxalate?
Which type of kidney stone is primarily composed of calcium oxalate?
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Which medication is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections?
Which medication is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections?
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What is the purpose of a bone marrow aspiration in the management of leukemia?
What is the purpose of a bone marrow aspiration in the management of leukemia?
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What is a common complication associated with chronic renal failure?
What is a common complication associated with chronic renal failure?
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Which of the following dietary modifications is essential for a patient undergoing hemodialysis?
Which of the following dietary modifications is essential for a patient undergoing hemodialysis?
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Study Notes
Tuberculosis Management
- Nursing Care Plan: Assess patient's respiratory status (cough, sputum, dyspnea), nutritional status, and adherence to medication. Provide patient education on medication, infection control, and lifestyle modifications.
- Medication Management: Multidrug therapy (MDT) including isoniazid (INH), rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Monitor for adverse effects and ensure adherence.
Bronchial Asthma
- Definition: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.
- Etiology: Genetic predisposition, environmental factors (allergens, pollutants, viral infections), and underlying conditions (obesity, GERD).
- Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the airways leads to bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway edema, resulting in airflow obstruction.
- Medical Management: Short-acting bronchodilators (albuterol), long-acting bronchodilators (salmeterol), inhaled corticosteroids (fluticasone), and anti-inflammatory medications (montelukast).
- Nursing Care Plan: Assess respiratory status (wheezing, dyspnea), monitor medication response, provide patient education on triggers, medication management, and self-management techniques, and promote relaxation and stress management.
Bronchiectasis
- Definition: Abnormal, permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles, resulting in airway obstruction and recurrent infections.
- Signs and Symptoms: Chronic cough, copious purulent sputum, dyspnea, hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers, fatigue, and recurrent chest infections.
- Pathophysiology: Chronic inflammation and infection weaken bronchial walls, leading to dilation and airway obstruction.
- Medical Management: Antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucus thinning agents, chest physiotheraphy, and surgery in severe cases.
- Nursing Care Plan: Assess respiratory status, assist with airway clearance techniques (postural drainage, chest percussion), provide patient education on medication, disease management, and infection control.
Respiratory Failure
- Definition: Inadequate gas exchange, resulting in hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia.
- Causes: Acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuromuscular disorders, and chest trauma.
- Nursing Care: Maintain airway patency through suctioning, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. Monitor respiratory status closely, provide patient education on respiratory care, and assist with mobilization and early ambulation.
Peritonitis
- Cardinal Signs: Sudden onset of abdominal pain, tenderness, rebound tenderness, rigidity, fever, nausea, vomiting, and decreased bowel sounds.
Hepatitis B
- Transmission Route: Blood-borne, through contaminated needles, sexual contact, and mother-to-child transmission during birth.
Ulcerative Colitis
- Health Education: Encourage a balanced diet, avoid trigger foods (dairy, caffeine, spicy foods), manage stress, regular bowel movements, and medication adherence.
Liver Biopsy
- Procedure: A small sample of liver tissue is removed using a needle for diagnosis and staging of liver disease.
Hiatal Hernia
- Types: Sliding hiatal hernia (most common), where the stomach slides up through the esophageal hiatus. Rolling hiatal hernia, where the stomach rolls through the hiatus.
Gastritis
- Clinical Manifestations: Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and loss of appetite.
Gastroenteritis
- Definition: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually caused by viral or bacterial infection.
Intestinal Obstruction
- Types: Mechanical (adhesions, tumors, hernias, foreign objects) or functional (paralytic ileus).
Hemorrhoids
- Definition: Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus, causing discomfort, pain, and bleeding.
Portal Hypertension
- Definition: Elevated blood pressure in the portal vein, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and other complications.
Cirrhosis of Liver
- Pathophysiology: Scarring and fibrosis of the liver, leading to impaired liver function and portal hypertension.
Abdominal Paracentesis
- Procedure: Fluid is aspirated from the abdominal cavity (peritoneal fluid) for diagnostic purposes.
Endoscopy
- Procedure: A flexible, lighted tube is inserted into the digestive tract to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum for diagnosis and treatment.
Hernia
- Classification: Inguinal hernia (most common), femoral hernia, umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, and hiatal hernia.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Medical Management: Blood transfusion, endoscopic procedures to stop bleeding, medications (proton pump inhibitors, anti-ulcer drugs), and surgery in severe cases.
Duodenal and Gastric Peptic Ulcers
- Difference: Duodenal ulcers are more common, typically caused by H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Gastric ulcers are less common and may be associated with smoking and alcohol abuse.
Peptic Ulcers
- Complications: Bleeding, perforation into the abdominal cavity, obstruction of the digestive tract, and development of gastric cancer.
Peptic Ulcers
- Surgical Management: Resection of the ulcer, vagotomy (cutting the vagus nerve), and antrectomy (removal of the pyloric antrum).
Appendicitis
- Definition: Inflammation of the appendix, a small finger-shaped pouch attached to the colon.
Intestinal Obstruction
- Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain, distention, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and decreased bowel sounds.
Food Poisoning
- Prevention: Wash hands, wash fruits and vegetables, cook meat thoroughly, avoid cross-contamination, and refrigerate food properly.
Peritonitis
- Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, often caused by leakage of bacteria from a perforated organ or ruptured appendix.
Colostomy Care
- Procedure: Diversion of stool from the colon through an opening (stoma) created in the abdominal wall.
Hepatic Coma
- Definition: A severe complication of liver failure, characterized by altered mental status, loss of consciousness, and neurological dysfunction.
Cholelithiasis
- Definition: Formation of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), and infection.
Oral Cancer
- Prevention: Avoid tobacco use (smoking and chewing), reduce alcohol consumption, practice oral hygiene, and get regular dental checkups.
Hepatitis
- Prevention: Hepatitis A and B vaccines, safe sex practices, avoiding contaminated needles, and proper hand hygiene.
Intestinal Obstruction
- Definition: Blockage in the intestines, preventing the passage of food and waste.
- Causes: Adhesions, tumors, hernias, foreign objects, and paralytic ileus.
- Medical and Nursing Management: Fluid and electrolyte replacement, pain management, nasogastric suction, and surgery to relieve the obstruction.
Hiatus Hernia
- Definition: A condition where the upper part of the stomach bulges through the opening of the diaphragm.
- Nursing Management: Educate patients on diet and lifestyle modifications to prevent symptoms (elevate head of bed, avoid large meals and fatty foods, lose weight if obese).
Peptic Ulcer
- Definition: An open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
- Surgical Management: Resection of the ulcer, vagotomy, and antrectomy.
- Nursing Diagnosis: Acute pain related to ulcer disease, imbalanced nutrition related to inadequate food intake, and risk for infection related to ulcer perforation.
Colostomy
- Indications: Colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and trauma.
- Types: End colostomy (distal colon), loop colostomy (temporary), and double-barrel colostomy.
- Complications: Skin complications, bowel obstruction, and prolapse.
- Nursing Management: Stoma care (assessment, cleaning, irrigation), patient education on self-care, psychosocial adjustment, and dietary modifications.
Cirrhosis of Liver
- Definition: A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and fibrosis of the liver tissue.
- Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, jaundice, ascites, edema, and mental confusion.
- Nursing Care: Assess for complications (jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy), provide patient education on nutrition, medication adherence, and lifestyle modifications (avoid alcohol, limit salt intake).
Endocarditis
- Prevention: Prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients undergoing dental procedures.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
- Diagnostic Tests: Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and chest x-ray.
Hypertension
- Diet: DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), low in sodium, high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Clinical Manifestations: Chest pain (angina pectoris), shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness.
ICU Equipment
- Examples: Mechanical ventilator, cardiac monitor, pulse oximeter, arterial line, central venous catheter, and urinary catheter.
Carcinogenic Shock
- Definition: A severe form of shock caused by bacterial toxins released from a cancerous tumor.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Types: Left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure.
Mitral Valve Stenosis
- Definition: Narrowing of the mitral valve, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Aneurysm
- Types: Aortic aneurysm, cerebral aneurysm, and peripheral aneurysm.
Cardiac Catheterization
- Procedure: A thin, flexible tube is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Digoxin
- Uses: Treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias.
- Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, visual disturbances, and heart rhythm abnormalities.
Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)
- Medical Management: Diuretics (furosemide), ACE inhibitors (lisinopril), beta-blockers (metoprolol), and digitalis (digoxin).
Sinus Tachycardia
- Definition: A heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute, originating from the sinus node.
Hypokalaemia
- ECG Changes: Prominent U waves, flattened T waves, ST segment depression, and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
Vasodilators
- Definition: Medications that widen blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure and improving blood flow.
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
- Procedure: A balloon catheter is used to widen a narrowed coronary artery.
Cardiac Pacing
- Procedure: An artificial pacemaker is implanted to regulate heart rate in cases of bradycardia or heart block.
Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)
- Nursing Care: Monitor vital signs, assess respiratory status and edema, provide oxygen therapy, monitor fluid intake and output, promote rest, and assist with activities of daily living (ADLs).
Hypertension
- Classification: Primary (essential) hypertension, secondary hypertension, and malignant hypertension.
Antihypertensives
- Definition: Medications that lower blood pressure.
Cardiac Tamponade
- Definition: A condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart.
Angina Pectoris
- Types: Stable angina, unstable angina, and variant angina.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Pathophysiology: Blockage of a coronary artery, leading to death of heart muscle tissue.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- Procedure: A lifesaving technique that involves chest compressions and artificial ventilation to restore circulation and breathing.
Ventricular Failure
- Definition: Failure of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively.
- Pathophysiology: Impaired contractility of the left ventricle, increased afterload (resistance to blood flow), and reduced preload (volume of blood returning to the heart).
Cardiomyopathy
- Types: Dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Arrhythmias
- Types: Bradycardia (slow heart rate), tachycardia (fast heart rate), atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Definition: Medications used to treat heart rhythm abnormalities.
Infective Endocarditis
- Nursing Care: Monitor vital signs, assess for fever, fatigue, and heart murmurs, provide antibiotics as prescribed, and prevent complications (embolism, heart failure).
Aneurysm
- Surgical Management: Open surgical repair or endovascular repair using a stent graft.
Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Definition: A condition where the blood vessels in the fingers and toes constrict in response to cold or stress, causing numbness, tingling, and pain.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Definition: A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
Hypertension
- Definition: High blood pressure.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Definition: A heart attack, caused by complete blockage of a coronary artery.
- Medical Management: Oxygen therapy, aspirin, nitroglycerin, and thrombolytic therapy.
- Nursing Diagnosis: Acute pain related to myocardial ischemia, decreased cardiac output related to myocardial damage, anxiety related to heart attack, and risk for ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion related to coronary artery blockage.
Cardiac Catheterization
- Procedure: A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and guided to the heart to obtain images of the chambers and valves.
- Complications: Bleeding, arrhythmias, heart attack, and stroke.
- Patient Care: Monitor vital signs, assess for bleeding, monitor for chest pain, and provide emotional support.
Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)
- Definition: A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and body.
- Clinical Manifestations: Shortness of breath, fatigue, edema (swelling), and weight gain.
- Medical Management: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis (digoxin).
- Nursing Management: Assess respiratory status, monitor fluid intake and output, administer medications, educate patients on disease management, and promote rest and activity tolerance.
Leukemia
- Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, pallor, fever, easy bruising and bleeding, recurrent infections.
Anemia
- Classification: Iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and aplastic anemia.
Polycythemia
- Difference: Primary polycythemia is a disorder of the bone marrow causing an overproduction of red blood cells. Secondary polycythemia is a response to a condition like low oxygen levels (hypoxia).
Blood Transfusion
- Nursing Management: Verify patient and blood product, assess compatibility, monitor vital signs during the transfusion, and monitor for complications (allergic reactions, transfusion reactions).
Bone Marrow Aspiration
- Nurses' Responsibilities: Prepare the patient, assist with the procedure, monitor vital signs, and provide pain relief.
Hemophilia A
- Definition: A bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII.
Anemia
- Definition: A condition where the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells.
- Laboratory Investigations: Complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte count, and iron studies.
Kidney Stones
- Types: Calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, and struvite stones.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
- Nursing Management: Administer antibiotics as prescribed, encourage fluid intake, and provide patient education on UTI prevention (proper hygiene, regular urination, frequent fluid intake).
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- Complications: Urinary retention, urinary tract infections, and kidney damage.
BPH
- Surgical Management: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), open prostatectomy, and laser prostatectomy.
Renal Calculi
- Definition: Kidney stones, formed by the accumulation of minerals and salts in the kidneys.
- Types: Calcium oxalate stones (most common), calcium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, and struvite stones.
Hydronephrosis
- Definition: Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of the urinary tract.
Hemodialysis
- Procedure: A process that filters waste products and excess fluid from the blood for patients with end-stage renal disease.
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
- Causes: Acute tubular necrosis, prerenal failure, and postrenal failure.
- Clinical Features: Decreased urine output, edema, fluid overload, electrolyte abnormalities, and metabolic acidosis.
Diuretics
- Definition: Medications that increase urine output and reduce fluid retention.
UTI Medications
- Examples: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), nitrofurantoin (Macrobid), and ciprofloxacin (Cipro).
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- Definition: Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause urinary obstruction.
- Clinical Features: Frequent urination, nocturia (waking up at night to urinate), weak urine stream, and difficulty starting urination.
Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
- Procedure: A dye is injected into a vein and x-rays are taken to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
- Patient Preparation: Assess for allergies to iodine, explain the procedure, and withhold food and fluids for several hours before the test.
Renal Stones
- Nursing Management: Pain management, encourage fluid intake, strain urine to collect stones for analysis, and provide patient education on prevention.
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
- Complications: Anemia, bone disease, hypertension, heart failure, and pericarditis.
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
- Definition: A progressive loss of kidney function.
- Treatment: Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation.
Glomerulonephritis (GN)
- Causes: Infections, autoimmune diseases, and medications.
- Nursing Management: Monitor vital signs, assess for fluid overload and edema, administer medications, and provide patient education on disease management.
Nephrtic Syndrome
- Definition: A group of symptoms associated with inflammation of the glomeruli (filtration units in the kidneys), including proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and hypertension.
Vasectomy
- Procedure: A surgical procedure for male sterilization, where the vas deferens tubes are cut and sealed.
Hypospadias
- Definition: A congenital birth defect where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis.
Epispadias
- Definition: A congenital birth defect where the opening of the urethra is located on the upper side of the penis.
Gynecomastia
- Definition: Enlargement of breast tissue in males, often caused by hormonal imbalances or medication side effects.
Prostatis
- Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the prostate gland, often caused by bacterial infection, leading to pain, difficulty urinating, and discomfort.
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
- Definition: The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
Hydrocele
- Definition: Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum, often caused by inflammation.
Prostatectomy
- Definition: A surgical procedure to remove the prostate gland.
- Approaches: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), open prostatectomy, and laparoscopic prostatectomy.
Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)
- Definition: A life-threatening condition associated with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, characterized by high fever, rapid heart rate, agitation, confusion, and delirium.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Clinical Manifestations: Hyperglycemia, frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds.
Hypoglycemia
- Nursing Management: Assess for signs and symptoms (sweating, tremors, weakness, confusion), administer fast-acting carbohydrates (orange juice, glucose tablets), and monitor blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Insipidus
- Clinical Manifestations: Excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
Insulin Therapy
- Definition: Injection of insulin to help regulate blood glucose levels for patients with diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Diet and Exercise: Eat a balanced diet with controlled carbohydrate intake, engage in regular physical activity (at least 30 minutes most days of the week).
Thyroidectomy
- Complications: Hypothyroidism (due to insufficient thyroid hormones), bleeding, infection, and nerve injury.
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs
- Examples: Metformin (Glucophage), glipizide (Glucotrol), and glyburide (Diabeta).
Goiter
- Definition: Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Skin Graft
- Definition: A surgical procedure where a piece of healthy skin is transplanted to cover a wound or burn.
- Types: Autograft (skin from the patient), allograft (skin from a donor), and xenograft (skin from an animal).
Psoriasis
- Characteristic Signs and Symptoms: Thick, red, scaly patches of skin, often found on the elbows, knees, scalp, and trunk.
Eczema
- Definition: A skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin, often with red, scaly patches.
- Signs and Symptoms: Red, itchy, scaly, and dry skin, often with blisters and crusting.
Alopecia
- Definition: Hair loss, which can be temporary or permanent, often caused by hormones, medication, or underlying medical conditions.
Malignant Melanoma
- Definition: A type of skin cancer that develops in the melanocytes (cells that produce pigment), often arising from a mole.
- Types: Superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma.
Psoriasis
- Definition: A chronic, inflammatory skin condition caused by an overactive immune system, resulting in the rapid buildup of skin cells.
Viral Skin Manifestations
- Examples: Chickenpox, measles, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Skin Parasitic Infestations
- Prevention: Practice good hygiene, avoid contact with infected people or animals, and treat any infestations promptly.
Pyoderma
- Definition: A bacterial infection of the skin, causing pustules (pus-filled bumps).
Traction
- Purposes: Reduce or immobilize fractures, realign bones, and correct deformities.
Skeletal Traction
- Nursing Care: Monitor pin sites for signs of infection, assess traction weight and alignment, provide skin care, promote patient comfort, and encourage range of motion exercises of unaffected joints.
Traction
- Principles: Maintain continuous traction, ensure proper body alignment, promote skin integrity, and prevent complications (compartment syndrome, nerve damage, and skin breakdown).
Skin Traction
- Nursing Care: Monitor skin for signs of breakdown, provide skin care, assess traction weight and alignment, and promote patient comfort.
Skin Traction
- Types: Buck's traction, Russell's traction, and cervical traction.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
- Procedure: A small sample of bone marrow is removed using a needle for diagnosis and staging of blood disorders.
Fracture Healing
- Factors: Age, nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption, and underlying medical conditions.
Cast (P.O.P)
- Care: Keep the cast dry, elevate the injured limb, monitor for pain and swelling, and assess circulation (pulse, color, temperature, and sensation).
Fracture
- Nursing Care: Assess pain and swelling, monitor circulation, provide support and immobilization, and educate patients on cast care and weight-bearing restrictions.
Fracture Healing
- Stages: Inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling.
Arthritis
- Definition: A condition that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
Fracture
- Types: Closed fracture (skin is intact), open fracture (skin is broken), complete fracture (bone is broken in two or more pieces), incomplete fracture (bone is partially broken), and comminuted fracture (bone is broken into several pieces).
Diabetic Gangrene
- Indications for Below-Knee Amputation: Non-healing ulcers, severe infection, and compromised circulation.
Osteoporosis
- Definition: A condition where bones become weak and brittle due to loss of bone density.
- Predisposing Factors: Age, female gender, family history, low calcium intake, smoking, alcohol use, and lack of exercise.
Osteoporosis
- Diagnostic Investigations: Bone density scan (DEXA), blood tests (calcium, vitamin D), and x-rays.
Osteoporosis
- Complications: Fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist.
- Health Teaching: Encourage calcium and vitamin D-rich foods, engage in weight-bearing exercise, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and discuss medication options with a doctor.
AIDS Control Programme
- Objectives: Prevent HIV transmission, provide care and support to people living with HIV, and reduce stigma and discrimination.
T-Cell Deficiencies
- Definition: Reduced number or function of T cells (a type of white blood cell), which are crucial for immune system function.
AIDS
- Diet Therapy: Provide a nutrient-rich diet to support the immune system, promote weight gain, and prevent malnutrition.
HIV/AIDS
- Clinical Manifestations: Early stage (asymptomatic), flu-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, oral thrush, skin rashes, weight loss, opportunistic infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis), and neurological problems.
AIDS
- Definition: A severe, late-stage illness caused by HIV infection, characterized by a compromised immune system and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
- Pathophysiology: HIV destroys CD4+ T cells (helper T cells), which are essential for immune system function, leading to severe immunosuppression.
HIV/AIDS
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): A combination of antiretroviral medications taken after potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Chicken Pox
- Definition: A contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, characterized by itchy, fluid-filled blisters.
Suture Materials
- Types: Absorbable sutures (dissolve over time) and non-absorbable sutures (remain in place permanently).
General Anesthesia
- Definition: A reversible loss of consciousness and sensation.
Local Anesthesia
- Definition: A loss of sensation in a specific area of the body without affecting consciousness.
Spinal Anesthesia
- Definition: A type of regional anesthesia, where an anesthetic solution is injected into the spinal fluid, blocking nerve impulses in the lower body.
Operating Room (OR)
- Patient Care During Surgery: Monitor vital signs, ensure patient safety, assist with positioning, and provide emotional support.
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