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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of integral proteins in the red blood cell membrane?

  • Facilitating glucose metabolism
  • Providing structural rigidity
  • Manufacturing hemoglobin
  • Transporting substances across the membrane (correct)

    • Which statement best describes the function of glycophorins in red blood cells?

  • They are involved in blood group antigen expression. (correct)
  • They promote glucose uptake in the cell.
  • They play a key role in hemoglobin synthesis.
  • They are responsible for the biconcave shape of erythrocytes.

    • What is the significance of the zeta potential in red blood cells?

  • It regulates the oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells.
  • It determines cell shape and morphology.
  • It affects the stability of hemoglobin.
  • It influences the aggregation of red blood cells. (correct)

    • Which component forms the majority of the membrane composition of red blood cells?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the biconcave shape of a red blood cell contribute to its function?

    <p>Increases surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major element of the red blood cell’s phospholipid bilayer?

    <p>Phosphate heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the average size of red blood cells?

    <p>6-8 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic contributes to the salmon pink color of red blood cells?

    <p>Heme portion of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary role of integral proteins found in the RBC membrane?

    <p>To act as channels for the diffusion of ions and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sialic acid contribute to the properties of RBCs?

    <p>By creating a zeta potential that leads to negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with glycophorins in the RBC membrane?

    <p>Facilitating the transport of oxygen across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the deformability of RBCs?

    <p>It enhances their ability to slip through narrow blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of sialic acid contributes to the negative charge of RBCs?

    <p>The formation of a cloud of negatively charged particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins serve as essential adhesion sites in the RBC membrane?

    <p>Integral adhesion proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the phospholipid bilayer is essential for the movement of integral proteins?

    <p>The fluidity and flexibility of the bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do integral proteins and glycoproteins have in common regarding their functions in RBCs?

    <p>Both are involved in cell signaling and transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the significance of the zeta potential in red blood cells?

    <p>It minimizes cell aggregation during circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes integral proteins in the RBC membrane?

    <p>They traverse the entire phospholipid bilayer, connecting the interior and exterior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes peripheral proteins from integral proteins in the RBC membrane?

    <p>Peripheral proteins do not penetrate the bilayer but associate with its surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of glycophorin in red blood cells?

    <p>Serves as a receptor for antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about zeta potential in red blood cells is accurate?

    <p>Zeta potential influences the stability of RBC suspensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies the contribution of adhesion proteins in RBCs?

    <p>They enable interactions between RBCs and vessel walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of hereditary spherocytosis on red blood cells?

    <p>Altered shape leading to increased fragility and hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Phosphatidylserine significant in the context of red blood cell membranes?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in cell signaling during apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phospholipid is an exception to the rule of 'Phosphatidyl' being located in the inner layer?

    <p>Phosphatidylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Red Blood Cell Morphology

    • Size: 6-8 μm
    • Color: Salmon pink due to heme portion of hemoglobin
    • Shape: Biconcave disc (discocyte)
    • Average surface area: 140 μm²

    Red Blood Cell Membrane Composition

    • 50% protein (Rodak: 52%)
    • 40% lipids
    • 10% carbohydrates
    • Phospholipid bilayer: Composed of phosphate heads and fatty acid tails
    • Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity and tensile strength
    • Integral proteins: Span the membrane, act as transporters, adhesion sites and receptors
    • Peripheral proteins: Located on the inner surface of the membrane, involved in maintaining the cell's shape
    • Glycophorins: Integral proteins with attached carbohydrates; important for negative charge (zeta potential) and blood group antigens (e.g., ABH, MNSS)
    • Sialic acid: Component of glycophorins, contributing to the negative membrane charge

    Red Blood Cell Deformability

    • Flexible shape allows them to bend and flex in narrow capillaries
    • Essential for efficient gas exchange

    Red Blood Cell Hereditary Disorders

    • Hereditary spherocytosis: Defect in integral proteins (e.g., band 3, ankyrin, protein 4.1, or spectrin) leading to spherical shape and premature destruction.
    • Hereditary elliptocytosis: Defect in peripheral proteins (e.g., spectrin) leading to elliptical shape and hemolysis

    Red Blood Cell Metabolism - Embden-Meyerhof (EMP) Pathway

    • Anaerobic glycolysis, primary energy source for red blood cells
    • Generates 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
    • Involves multiple enzymatic steps and intermediates, from glucose to pyruvate and ultimately lactate.

    Red Blood Cell Metabolism - Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt

    • Alternative pathway for glucose metabolism
    • NADPH generation for reducing oxidative stress
    • Maintains the reduced form of glutathione, vital for protecting hemoglobin
    • Important for preserving and preventing oxidative damage to erythrocytes

    Red Blood Cell Metabolism - Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

    • Keeps hemoglobin in its reduced ferrous state (Fe2+)
    • Essential for oxygen transport
    • Maintains oxygen-binding capacity

    Red Blood Cell Metabolism - Rapoport-Luebering (RL) Pathway

    • Generates 2,3-BPG (bisphosphoglycerate), a regulatory molecule
    • Lowers hemoglobin's oxygen affinity, facilitating oxygen release in tissues
    • Shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

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    Module 11 Red Blood Cells PDF

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