Questions and Answers
What style of art was created in 1874 that showed the natural effects of sunlight on objects?
Who is considered the leading composer of Impressionism?
Claude Debussy
What art style explored deep inner feelings and was influenced by the horrors of WWI?
What is the term for discord in music that suggests a state of tension?
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What does tonality refer to in music?
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Atonal music is characterized by having a tonal center.
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What is the definition of a tone row?
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Match the following composers with their contributions:
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What term describes music where parts of the composition are left undetermined by the composer?
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What is the main characteristic of minimalism in music?
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What significant technological inventions impacted music in the 20th century?
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Who is known as the father of modern Mexican music?
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What was the signature work of Maurice Ravel?
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What opera is associated with Alban Berg and its thematic content?
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Which composer created the fantasy 'Pied Piper Fantasy'?
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What musical innovations occurred at the beginning of the 20th century?
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Study Notes
Impressionism
- Originated in 1874 by a group of French painters.
- Aimed to portray natural sunlight effects through quick brushstrokes, creating recognizable forms from a distance.
- Inspired French composers to experiment with music by blending tones for new harmonic textures.
- Notable composer: Claude Debussy.
Expressionism
- Explored deep inner feelings, often influenced by WWI horrors.
- Artists used distorted forms to signify inner tension.
- Composers prioritized shock value and implemented dissonance in their works.
Dissonance
- Represents discord in music, indicating a state of tension.
Tonality
- Refers to the quality of a system of pitches in music.
Atonal
- Describes music that lacks tonality or a tonal center.
Tone Row
- A sequence of the 12 pitches in the chromatic scale.
- Variations include retrograde (reverse order), inversion (upside down), and retrograde inversion (upside down and in reverse).
Twelve Tone Music
- Marked a shift from dependence on major and minor scales.
- Impressionist composers explored chromatic and whole-tone scales while other composers focused on form and structure without a tonal center.
Aleatory Music
- A form where composers intentionally leave aspects of composition and performance undetermined, allowing performers to contribute creatively.
New Romanticism
- Characterized by a blend of tonal melody with exotic textures.
Minimalism
- A musical style emphasizing repetition with changes driven by established rules or systems.
20th Century Overview
- A period marked by dramatic changes, including technological advancements such as automobiles, airplanes, radio, and television, all impacting music.
Similarities and Differences: 19th vs. 20th Century Music
- Transition from classical to romantic music in the 19th century initiated by Beethoven.
- The 20th century marked the end of romanticism, evolving from tonal to atonal music, especially post-WWI with Schoenberg's dodecaphony.
- Emergence of modern performance methods, often utilizing contemporary technology.
Trends in Late 20th Century Classical Music
- Prominent styles included impressionism, expressionism, 12-tone music, aleatory music, new romanticism, minimalism, jazz, fusion, and musicals.
Claude Debussy
- (1832-1909) A pivotal musical figure transitioning into the 20th century.
- Sought a distinct sound while growing up in the Romantic Age.
- His works feature innovative harmony, delicate textures, nuanced moods, and improvisation-based rhythms.
- Composed "The Sunken Cathedral," significantly influencing modern expression.
Maurice Ravel
- Influenced by Debussy, he utilized Impressionism in his compositions.
- Best known for "Bolero," which originated as a re-styled dance and is widely recognized in various media.
Igor Stravinsky
- (1882-1971) Regarded as the greatest composer of the century.
- Born in Russia but primarily lived in the US.
- Studied under Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov and absorbed Baroque and Classical styles.
- His first ballet, "The Firebird," is based on Russian fairy tales.
Manuel Maria Ponce
- Recognized as the "father of modern Mexican music."
- Celebrated his Mexican heritage in compositions like "Instantaneas Mexicanas."
Arnold Schoenberg
- Created the 12-tone technique, emphasizing form and structure, exemplified in "Suite for Piano."
Charles Ives
- Son of a bandmaster who embraced his father's experimental approach to create a distinctive American music style.
- Known for "Symphony: Holidays."
John Corigliano
- A significant composer associated with New Romanticism.
- His works are noted for their expressive power through diverse composition techniques, such as in "Pied Piper Fantasy."
Philip Glass
- Sought to develop a simple musical style relevant to contemporary society.
- Produced "Glassworks," which includes the piece "Islands."
Alban Berg
- An Austrian composer famous for "Wozzeck," an opera from 1922.
- Its narrative revolves around the tragic hardships faced by Wozzeck, culminating in his wife's betrayal and his subsequent emotional turmoil.
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