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Questions and Answers

What type of brain injury is characterized by shearing forces disrupting axons?

  • Diffuse Axonal Injury (correct)
  • Focal Contusion
  • Concussion
  • Basal Skull Fracture

Which Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score indicates a mild head injury?

  • 13-15 (correct)
  • 16-18
  • 9-12
  • 3-8

A patient shows symptoms of confusion and amnesia following head trauma. Which assessment is most critical?

  • Cervical Spine X-ray
  • Halo Sign Test
  • CT Scan of the Head (correct)
  • Neurological Examination

What is a common sign indicating a basal skull fracture?

<p>CSF Rhinorrhoea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings may suggest a focal neurological deficit?

<p>Focal Contusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a head injury context, what does the term 'haemotympanum' refer to?

<p>Blood in the middle ear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intracranial hemorrhage typically occurs between the dura mater and the skull?

<p>Extradural Hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible consequence of diffuse axonal injury?

<p>Persistent vegetative state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

<p>Cigarette smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glaucoma is characterized by a sudden increase in intraocular pressure?

<p>Acute angle-closure glaucoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of optic nerve damage in glaucoma?

<p>Increased intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which retinal disease is associated with a breakdown in the blood-retinal barrier?

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of visual field assessments in ophthalmology?

<p>To evaluate peripheral vision loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is neovascularization commonly observed?

<p>Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols?

<p>To expedite recovery and reduce complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is most likely to occur post-operatively in patients who have undergone ocular surgeries?

<p>Corneal inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause anuria?

<p>Blocked or malpositioned catheter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of hypovolaemia, what is the recommended fluid challenge amount?

<p>250-500ml of colloid over 15-30 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition typically leads to oliguria?

<p>Inadequate fluid replacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take when assessing fluid status in a patient?

<p>Examine for palpable bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an appropriate treatment for neurogenic shock?

<p>Norepinephrine infusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential consequence of inadequate replacement of fluid losses?

<p>Reduced urine output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of post-renal failure?

<p>Blocked catheter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When dealing with acute confusional state, which is a prevalent cause?

<p>Low oxygen states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for fluid overload?

<p>Frusemide administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is used for assessing renal failure?

<p>Blood gas analysis (ABG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Shearing forces damage brain axons, potentially leading to coma or vegetative state.

Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Temporary decrease in brain function, often with symptoms like headache, confusion, and amnesia.

GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)

A scoring system to evaluate the level of consciousness.

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the skull, often classified by location (e.g., epidural, subdural).

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Focal Contusion

A localized brain injury, like a bruise, often causing focal neurological issues.

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Basal Skull Fracture

Fracture of the base of the skull, sometimes causing fluid leakage (CSF).

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CSF Rhinorrhea

Leak of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for events before a traumatic event.

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Pre-operative Assessment

Evaluating a patient's health before surgery to plan for the procedure and potential risks.

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Informed consent

A patient's agreement to a medical procedure after receiving a clear understanding of the risks and benefits.

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Risk vs. Benefit

A crucial consideration in medical decisions, balancing potential harm against the expected gain of treatment.

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Perioperative Management

The comprehensive care of patients before, during, and after a surgical procedure.

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Surgical Complications

Potential negative outcomes that may arise during or after a surgical procedure.

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Post-op Complications

Potential problems that can occur after a surgical procedure.

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Post-op Pyrexia

Fever after surgery.

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Deep Venous Thrombosis

Blood clot in a deep vein, often a leg vein.

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Reduced Urine Output Causes

Reduced urine output can be caused by problems before the kidneys (pre-renal), problems with the kidneys (renal), or problems after the kidneys (post-renal).

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Pre-renal Causes

Pre-renal causes indicate issues before the kidneys that lead to low urine output, often due to poor blood flow or dehydration.

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Post-renal Causes

Post-renal causes of reduced urine output occur after the kidneys, usually due to blockages in the urinary tract.

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Cardiogenic Reduced Urine Output

Reduced urine output linked to heart issues (e.g., heart attack), often involving fluid build-up.

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Obstructive Reduced Urine Output

Reduced urine output due to blockage in the urinary pathway, such as a blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism).

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Distributive Reduced Urine Output

Reduced urine output caused by widespread problems with blood flow, like sepsis or widespread inflammation.

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Fluid Challenge

A medical intervention to increase blood volume by administering fluids.

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Acute Urinary Retention

Inability to empty the bladder completely.

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Nephrotoxins

Substances that harm the kidneys.

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Fluid status assessment

Evaluation of the amount of fluid in the body, using various methods and observations.

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