Questions and Answers
What are the classes of antibiotics?
What is an example of a sulfonamide?
Sulfamethoxazole
Name a class of beta lactams.
Penicillins
Which antibiotic is known for causing red man neck syndrome?
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The antibiotic amoxicillin is safe during ______.
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Tetracyclines should be taken with milk.
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Which generation of cephalosporins has the broadest spectrum?
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What condition can aminoglycosides cause if not monitored?
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Which antibiotics should be taken on an empty stomach?
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Which antibiotics are considered bactericidal?
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What common side effect can occur with the use of macrolides?
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What is a common use of tetracyclines?
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All aminoglycosides can be given orally.
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Which antibiotic is known to have a black box warning for tendonitis?
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Study Notes
Classes of Antibiotics
- Antibiotic classes include sulfonamides, beta lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.
- Mnemonic: "Susan Beers Makes Tea and Quiets Others."
Sulfonamides
- Examples: sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.
- All drugs start with "sulf."
Beta Lactams
- Classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.
- Mnemonic: "Peter Can Call Me."
Penicillins
- Classes include natural penicillins, aminopenicillins, extended spectrum penicillins, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins.
Natural Penicillins
- Examples: penicillin G and penicillin V K+.
Aminopenicillins
- Examples: amoxicillin and ampicillin.
- Both start with "am" and end with "cillin."
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
- Examples: cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, naficillin, and oxacillin.
- Mnemonic: "CONDOM."
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
- Examples include piperacillin, ticarcillin, and carbenicillin.
Cephalosporins
- Divided into five generations, with most beginning with "cef."
- 1st Gen examples: cefazolin and cephalexin.
- 2nd Gen examples: cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime.
- 3rd Gen examples: ceftriaxone and ceftazidime.
- 4th Gen example: cefepime.
- 5th Gen examples: ceftaroline and ceftobiprole.
Carbapenems and Monobactams
- Carbapenems include imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem, all ending in "penem."
- Monobactam example: aztreonam, administered parenterally.
Macrolides
- Examples: erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and dirithromycin.
- Azithromycin is associated with the least GI upset.
- Commonly used for respiratory and STD infections.
Tetracyclines
- Examples include demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline.
- All tetracyclines end in "cycline."
- Doxycycline used for anthrax and acne; demeclocycline for SIADH.
Aminoglycosides
- Examples: gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin.
- Require peak and trough levels for monitoring.
Quinolones
- Examples: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin; all end with "floxacin."
- Associated with the risk of tendonitis and rupture.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Include vancomycin, clindamycin, linezolid, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, and daptomycin.
Bactericidal vs Bacteriostatic
- Bactericidal antibiotics include vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and cephalosporins.
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics include erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.
Side Effects and Interactions
- Vancomycin can cause Red Man Syndrome.
- Watch for photosensitivity with sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines.
- Penicillins may interact with oral contraceptives and warfarin.
- Aminoglycosides have a risk of drug-induced seizures and should be administered parenterally for systemic infections.
Special Considerations
- Tetracyclines should not be taken with dairy, antacids, or during pregnancy due to potential side effects.
- Linezolid can cause serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crisis if taken with tyramine-rich foods.
- Azithromycin and clarithromycin are often used for opportunistic infections in HIV patients.
Unique Uses and Contraindications
- Penicillin V K+ is specifically used for dental infections.
- Cloxacillin and naficillin are recommended for methicillin-sensitive skin infections.
- Some antibiotics, like metronidazole and specific cephalosporins, can cause serious reactions when alcohol is consumed.
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