2 Backyard Food Animals and Drugs

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Questions and Answers

According to the FDA's antimicrobial stewardship efforts, which category of animals has historically received the most attention?

  • Companion animals such as cats and dogs, due to their close contact with humans.
  • Equine animals, due to their unique physiology and susceptibility to specific infections.
  • Food-producing animals, due to concerns about antimicrobial resistance in the food supply. (correct)
  • Zoo animals, due to the need to maintain healthy populations for conservation purposes.

What is the critical implication for veterinarians who fail to adhere to ELDU regulations, particularly concerning prohibited drugs in food-producing animals?

  • They will be required to attend additional continuing education courses on regulatory compliance.
  • They may face temporary suspension of their veterinary license, but can continue to practice under supervision.
  • Their actions may lead to increased scrutiny from regulatory bodies, but malpractice insurance will cover associated fines.
  • Their malpractice insurance will not cover illegal acts, leaving them personally liable for any resulting damages or legal consequences. (correct)

How does the CPG 615.115 specifically guide in-feed drug use in minor species, and what species is it most used for?

  • It provides specific instructions for calculating dosages, especially used in cervids.
  • It establishes extra-label drug use protocols, especially used in poultry.
  • It regulates the use of controlled substances in feed, especially used in aquaculture.
  • It offers step-by-step guidance for in-feed drug extra-label use, especially used in sheep and goats. (correct)

A veterinarian is treating a backyard flock of chickens and needs to use a medication via extra-label drug use (ELDU). What critical regulatory consideration must they keep in mind?

<p>The ELDU prohibitions are applicable regardless of where the animal resides or the relationship with the owner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client brings in a sick rabbit and asks for a chloramphenicol prescription. What is the most appropriate course of action for the veterinarian?

<p>Decline to prescribe chloramphenicol, as its extra-label use is prohibited in all food animals, including minor food animal species like rabbits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is consulted regarding treatment options for a honeybee colony. Considering the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD), what is a key factor to consider when prescribing medications?

<p>Most honeybee medications are water-soluble, primarily requiring a prescription rather than a VFD, bypassing the VFD process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is treating a backyard herd consisting of goats and sheep. When determining appropriate medication use, including the use of medicated feeds, what is the most important aspect to consider?

<p>Obtaining step-by-step guidelines for extra-label in-feed drug use in sheep and goats through CPG 615.115. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are advising a client who raises bison for meat consumption on the use of medications for their herd. How does the AMDUCA factor into your decision-making when prescribing medications?

<p>AMDUCA regulations determine that drugs prohibited for extra-label use in food-producing animals apply to bison, as they apply, regardless of where the animal resides or the relationship with the owner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is advising a client on the appropriate use of drugs in egg-laying chickens. What should the veterinarian emphasize regarding drug use, considering zero-day withdrawal times (WDT) for eggs?

<p>Clients should be informed that the zero-day WDT for eggs allows drugs approved for layers to be used with no withholding period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is asked to treat a captive cervid (deer family) for commercial food production. What regulatory point should they consider?

<p>615.115 guidelines apply to confined wildlife, but not to wildlife in the wild. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a veterinarian approach the use of antimicrobial drugs in backyard food animals to align with the principles of antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>Consider if they can fulfill the requirements in the first steps before prescribing antimicrobial drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should veterinarians manage slaughter withdrawal times (WDTs) for backyard food animals to adhere to AMDUCA regulations?

<p>They must consult FARAD or literature to determine WDT, otherwise the animal cannot enter the food chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a tolerance for a drug is not established in a specific animal species, what implications does this have under FDA regulations if any residue is detected?

<p>Any detected residue, regardless of the method of detection, is considered a violation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should a veterinarian take if they are uncertain about the legality of a particular drug use in a minor food-producing species?

<p>Contact the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and consult resources like FARAD. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstance might a wildlife biologist need to obtain a DEA number, and what additional stipulation applies to their controlled capture drug usage?

<p>When needing to acquire controlled capture drugs for wildlife management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical advice should a veterinarian give to new backyard livestock owners to promote responsible antimicrobial use and stewardship?

<p>Emphasize the importance of appropriate diagnostics and functional case definitions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the FDA releasing a request for public comments regarding antimicrobial usage in companion animals (cats, dogs, horses)?

<p>The FDA is exploring strategies to promote antimicrobial stewardship in companion animals and address potential antimicrobial resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily considered when determining if a laying hen is a laying hen according to FDA regulations?

<p>Whether the hen is producing non-fertilized eggs for consumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the difference between "broiler chickens" and "laying hens" crucial in veterinary medicine, especially in backyard poultry settings?

<p>Because it affects the selection of approved drugs and determination of withdrawal times due to different approved medications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding on-label and extra-label drug use in honeybees, how are veterinarians' actions regulated?

<p>On-label drug use is primarily state-regulated with variable VCPR requirements, and extra-label use involves federal oversight including a federal VCPR with specific restrictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is seeking advice on using tetracycline to treat their flock of laying hens. What guidance should the veterinarian provide, referring to the specific types of tetracycline products?

<p>Mention water-soluble tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline products are not labeled for chickens laying eggs for human consumption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a veterinarian do if they are presented with a species they are unfamiliar with and the client is requesting a medication?

<p>If it can be consumed for food, they are a minor food animal species and can look up information using FARAD. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the decision tree for appropriate antimicrobial use, what is the most important first step in antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>Responsibility for appropriate diagnostics and establishment of an accurate and functional case definition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a veterinarian balance the use of modern medicine with client requests and their personal experience?

<p>The veterinarian should consider all three to determine the best course of action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is adherence to appropriate antimicrobial drug use important?

<p>We don't want selection for resistance or violative residues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a veterinarian consider if a WDT, withdrawal time, cannot be obtained?

<p>The animal cannot enter the food chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor to emphasize when treating rabbits for meat consumption?

<p>ELDU of fluoroquinolones is prohibited in all food animal species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding and referring to FARAD species pages important for veterinarians?

<p>Information on drug residues, VFD's, bee veterinarians, and resources are available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to 21 CFR Part 556, what are tolerances?

<p>It is what the regulator allows to remain in food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is 615.115 important?

<p>For species that are not commonly thought of. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best summarizes important reminders for backyard veterinarians?

<p>Think before you prescribe and check yourself. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should you proceed if you don't know the VCPR rules?

<p>Don't be the V in VCPR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the honeybee drugs are UNAPPROVED?

<p>Then it is illegal to use them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily true about backyard livestock?

<p>They do not have extensive experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In minor species, when do you still need a WDT, withdrawal time?

<p>Even when using 615.115.. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For backyard vets, which aspect is most important?

<p>Know your food animals and ELDU-prohibitions/regulations with them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antimicrobial Stewardship

A process ensuring responsible antimicrobial use to combat resistance.

Appropriate Diagnostics

Diagnostics and functional case definition are a veterinarian's responsibility.

VFD Drug

A medically important antimicrobial drug for animals.

Prohibited ELDU

Extra-Label Drug Use is prohibited for food animals.

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WDT

Withdrawal Time

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Slaughter WDT

FARAD.

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Tolerances for Residues

Federal regulation part 556.

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Violative Residue

If drug residue is detected when no tolerance, it is a violation.

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Animal Drugs @ FDA

Drugs approved by FDA for animals.

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FARAD

Database for avoiding drug residues in animals.

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Chickens & Turkeys

Chickens and turkeys are a major food animal species.

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CPG 615.115

Applies to confined wildlife. Not to wildlife in the wild.

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Think Before Prescribing

Consider requirements before prescribing antimicrobials.

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VCPR

A valid Veterinary Client Patient Relationship.

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Food-producing Minor Species

Bison, deer, elk, goat, rabbit and sheep.

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Minor Species - Birds

Duck, emu, goose, guinea fowl, ostrich, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, quail, rhea.

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Minor Species - Reptiles

Alligator and turtle.

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Minor Species - Fish

Anchovy, arctic char, bass, bluefish, bonito, carp, catfish, cod, croaker, drum, eel, flounder, goosefish, grouper, haddock, hake, halibut, herring, mackerel, mullet, muskellunge, perch, pollock, pompano, porgie, rockfish, sablefish, salmon, sardines, shad, shark, skate, snapper, sole, sturgeon, swordfish, threadfin, tilapia, trout, tuna, walleye, whitefish.

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Minor Species - Crustaceans

Crab, crayfish, lobster, prawn, shrimp.

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Minor Species - Mollusks

Abalone, clam, mussel, oyster, octopus, scallop, snail, squid.

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Minor Species - Insects

Honey bee.

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ELDU Prohibited Drugs

Phenylbutazone, Chloramphenicol, Fluoroquinolones, Glycopeptides, Nitroimidazoles

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FDA on AMU in Companions

Cooperative agreements to collect antimicrobial use.

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Major Species

Cats, Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Swine, Chickens, Turkeys.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Use in Backyard Food Animals

  • Backyard livestock clients may lack experience and mentors
  • Bucket calf projects often involve insufficient milk replacer
  • People may be unaware of Salmonella and Cryptosporidium risks from bucket calves and Salmonella from chickens
  • Ring worm on calves is another issue that can be found at county fairs

Responsible Antibiotic Use in All Species

  • There is a responsibility to use appropriate diagnostics and to establish an accurate and functional case definition
  • See if a non-antibiotic alternative exists to prevent, control, or treat the disease challenge
  • If no alternative exists, select an antibiotic that has been demonstrated to be safe and effective
  • Make sure the antibiotic use is safe and effective
  • Check that using the antibiotic is still necessary

Potential Problems

  • Using injectable enrofloxacin in a chicken flock, results in fluoroquinolone Salmonella infection in a family member, which can cause hospitalization

Major Food Animal Species

  • Cattle, swine, chickens, and turkeys are major food animal species

Step-by-Step Instructions for In-Feed Drug Extralabel Use in Minor Species (CPG 615.115)

  • Use of CPG 615.115 is common for sheep and goats.
  • The basics are: Mammal to mammal, Bird to bird, Fish to fish
  • Write as for the major species
  • Include special instructions or other information on the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) form, and include an accompanying document.

Slaughter Withdrawal Times (WDT)

  • Small producer animals may enter commercial food channels, be consumed by owners, or sold direct-to-consumer
  • Slaughter WDTs are important for safety and regulatory purposes
  • Without a WDT from FARAD or literature, AMDUCA regulations prohibit the animal's entry into the food chain

Tolerances for Residues of New Animal Drugs in Food

  • Refer to 21 CFR (code of federal regulations) Part 556 for tolerances

Tolerance for Drugs

  • If a tolerance does not exist for a specific drug in a specific animal, any detected residue via any method violates regulations

Resources

Chickens and Turkeys

  • 615.115 does not apply to chickens or turkeys, which are major food animal species
  • Drugs prohibited for Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) in food animals directly apply to chickens and turkeys
  • There is a difference when it comes to drugs approved for broilers compared to laying hens
  • 21 approved drugs exist for egg-laying chickens where the eggs are consumed
  • Approved drugs for layers have a zero-day WDT for eggs

Chlortetracycline Products

  • Aureomycin (NADA 048-761) and Deracin (NADA 200-510) are chlortetracycline products that are in-feed products
  • Water-soluble tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline products are not labeled for chickens producing eggs for human consumption
  • If considering off-label use, obtain an egg withdrawal time from FARAD

Honey Bees

  • More diseases are possible than just American and European Foulbrood
  • The VFD process may be used, but numerous approved drugs are water-soluble, which requires a prescription instead of a VFD

Use of 615.115 and Wildlife

  • 615.115 applies to confined wildlife but not wildlife in the wild
  • The United States has a growing captive cervid industry
  • Wildlife biologists with a DEA number to get controlled capture drugs must use drugs under a VCPR

Tips for responsible backyard animal medicine

  • Think before prescribing and ensure antimicrobial stewardship requirements are met
  • Know your food animals, ELDU prohibitions, and associated regulations
  • Know if a drug is on-label or off-label.
  • If using 615.115, get a withdrawal time for the minor food animal species being treated by VFD.
  • Chloramphenicol Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) is prohibited in food animals, including minor food animal species.
  • Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) of fluoroquinolones is prohibited in all food animal species.
  • Rabbits have only two approved drugs -- a lasalocid product and a sulfaquinoxaline product
  • With nonruminant herbivores, know the rules concerning penicillin, macrolides, and Lincosamides

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