Scalia Circulatory disorders

Which of the following is a common symptom of disorders that affect cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function?

What is the role of vascular hydrostatic pressure in the movement of fluid in capillaries?

What disrupts the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in vessels?

What are protein-rich exudates that are caused by increased vascular permeability caused by mediators? Usually localized to a site of injury or infection.

What are protein-poor transudates and are common in many diseases, including heart failure, liver failure, renal disease and severe nutritional disorders?

In which type of edema do inflammatory edema and effusions occur?

What can disrupt lymphatic vessels and impair the clearance of interstitial fluid?

What is the term for the accumulation of fluid within the adjacent body cavity?

Which of the following is a common cause of non-inflammatory edema and effusions?

What term is used to describe the accumulation of interstitial fluid due to lymphatic obstruction?

Which of the following induces obstructive fibrosis of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes, particularly of lower extremities resulting elephantiasis?

What is the characteristic finding in severe renal disease?

Which organ or tissue is most commonly affected by edema?

What is the term used to describe edema that is influenced by gravity?

What is the morphological feature of edema when examined grossly?

What is the term used to describe the sign when finger pressure over edematous subcutaneous tissue leaves a depression?

Which condition may complicate surgical removal and/or irradiation of the breast and associated axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer?

In which parts of the body does edema caused by renal dysfunction often appear initially?

What is the morphological feature of the brain in cases of brain edema?

Which of the following is the process by which blood clots form at sites of vascular injury?

In which group of disorders are hemostatic mechanisms blunted/insufficient to prevent abnormal blood loss?

In thrombotic disorders, where do blood clots form?

What is the morphological feature of the liver in chronic passive congestion?

What is the characteristic finding in congestive heart failure in the lungs?

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of fluid within the adjacent body cavity?

Which of the following terms describes an active process due to arteriolar dilation at sites of inflammation or skeletal muscle during exercise, leading to increased blood flow?

What is the term used to describe a passive process due to reduced outflow of venous blood from a tissue, which may be systemic due to cardiac failure or local due to isolated venous obstruction?

Which body cavity is commonly affected by hydrothorax?

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity?

What causes the milky color in peritoneal effusions?

What is the characteristic appearance of exudative effusions?

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

What is the characteristic color of congested tissues?

What are the characteristic findings in chronic pulmonary congestion?

Which protein is responsible for mediating platelet adhesion to collagen?

What is the consequence of genetic deficiency of vWF or GpIb?

Which molecule is released by platelets to promote further recruitment and activation?

What is the role of translocating negatively charged phospholipids (PS) during platelet shape change?

Which molecule is principally responsible for platelet aggregation?

What is the consequence of genetic deficiency of platelet receptors GpIIb/GpIIIa?

Which molecule stimulates irreversible platelet contraction to form a fused mass of platelets?

What is the role of thrombin in platelet aggregation?

What does thrombin create that further stabilizes the secondary plug?

What are the two types of granules released during platelet activation?

Which pathway is most physiologically relevant in driving coagulation after vascular damage and exposure of tissue?

What is the additional cofactor for factors II, VII, IX, and X?

What is the enzyme responsible for converting fibrinogen into crosslinked fibrin?

Which assay measures the efficacy of the extrinsic pathway?

Which assay measures the efficacy of the intrinsic pathway?

What is the purpose of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) assay?

What is the purpose of the Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) assay?

Which factor is responsible for covalently crosslinking fibrin?

Which of the following factors limits coagulation by washing out activated coagulation factors?

What is the most important plasminogen activator involved in fibrinolysis?

Which factors released by the endothelium inhibit platelet activation and aggregation?

What is the consequence of endothelial cells losing their anticoagulant properties?

Which molecule stimulates the release of endothelial t-PA and other mediators?

What is the main function of plasmin in fibrinolysis?

Which molecule is responsible for preventing platelets from binding to vWF?

What determines whether clot formation, propagation, or dissolution occurs?

Which molecule is responsible for inhibiting thrombin, IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa in the coagulation cascade?

What is the clinical utility of heparin?

Which molecule forms a complex with thrombin on the endothelial surface and inhibits Va and VIIIa?

What is the role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)?

What is the function of thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor on the endothelial surface?

Which molecule loses its ability to activate coagulation factors and platelets when bound in a complex with protein C and protein S on the endothelial surface?

What is the function of protein C in the coagulation cascade?

Which molecule binds and activates antithrombin III, leading to the inhibition of thrombin, IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa?

What is the function of the activated complex formed by thrombin, protein C, and protein S on the endothelial surface?

Which of the following events describes the process of a thrombus becoming larger by the accumulation of fibrin and platelets?

What is the main concern with venous thrombi in the deep leg veins?

Which of the following events describes the process of a thrombus being dislodged from the vessel and transported elsewhere in circulation?

Which of the following events describes the process of recent thrombi being removed by fibrinolysis?

What is the main clinical problem associated with arterial thrombi?

What is the process by which older thrombi become organized by ingrowth of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts into the fibrin matrix?

What is the term used to describe the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel?

What is THE MAIN clinical feature/CONCERN of venous thrombi?

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary abnormalities that lead to thrombosis according to Virchow's triad?

Which type of thrombi characteristically occur at sites of stasis?

What is believed to have an important role in triggering arterial thrombotic events?

Which type of thrombi tend to grow in a retrograde direction?

What is the term used to describe the process of thrombus formation in the heart and arterial circulation?

What is the primary reason for the use of aspirin and other platelet inhibitors in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction?

Which of the following can induce endothelial dysfunction and trigger thrombosis?

Which direction do both arterial and venous thrombi tend to propagate?

What is believed to be a necessary prerequisite for thrombus formation under high shear stress?

Which vessels supply the lung with blood?

What is the usual outcome when medium-sized arteries in the lung are obstructed with subsequent vascular rupture?

Which of the following is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?

What can multiple emboli over time lead to in the lung?

What is the term used to describe an embolus that passes from the venous to the arterial circulation?

What is the consequence of >60% obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by emboli?

What can myocardial infarction predispose to?

Where can mural thrombi embolize to cause infarctions?

What is the term used to describe the process by which emboli become incorporated into the vascular wall?

What is the main concern with venous thrombi in superficial veins in the skin?

What is the term used to describe an embolus that occludes the main pulmonary artery?

What is the process by which older thrombi become organized by ingrowth of cells into the fibrin matrix?

What is the term used to describe an embolus that straddles the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries?

What is the term used to describe an embolus composed of nitrogen bubbles?

Which type of infarction is frequently fatal?

What is the most common cause of infarctions?

Which type of thrombosis results in congestion rather than infarction?

Which organs are largely affected by venous thrombosis?

What is the serious problem in diabetics caused by infarction?

Which of the following best describes an infarct?

What is the main cause of an infarct?

What is the term used to describe the process of occlusion of vascular supply to a tissue?

What is the common pathogenesis of shock associated with systemic inflammation?

Which form of shock involves acute vasodilation leading to hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion?

What is the consequence of prolonged shock?

Which of the following is a symptom of shock?

What is the term used to describe shock caused by low cardiac output due to myocardial pump failure?

What is the term used to describe shock caused by low cardiac output due to low blood volume?

What is the term used to describe shock caused by acute vasodilation leading to hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion?

Which type of shock presents with warm, flushed skin due to vasodilation?

What is the initial threat to life that precipitates shock?

Which phase of shock is dominated by renal insufficiency and lack of urine output?

Which type of shock carries a high mortality rate even with state-of-the-art care?

What complicates shock, particularly if it is due to sepsis or trauma?

What is the survival rate of a young healthy patient with hypovolemic shock and appropriate treatment?

What is the consequence of shock being prolonged?

Which type of bacteria is the most common cause of septic shock?

Which cells recognize and are activated by substances derived from microorganisms in septic shock?

What are the main inflammatory responses initiated by activated cells and secreted factors in septic shock?

What is the standard of care for septic shock?

What additional group of bacterial proteins can cause a similar syndrome to septic shock?

What factors contribute to the severity and outcome of septic shock?

What is the main goal of pressors and supplemental oxygen in the treatment of septic shock?

Why have attempts to intervene therapeutically with inhibitors for specific mediators in septic shock been limited?

What do the clinical manifestations of shock depend on?