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What is social stratification?
What is social stratification?
Social stratification refers to the categorization of individuals within a society, primarily based on their economic standing; this system organizes people according to their access to basic economic resources and opportunities.
What are the four types of social stratification systems discussed in the text?
What are the four types of social stratification systems discussed in the text?
In a closed stratification system, individuals are confined to the social class they were born into and have no opportunities to transition to higher levels of society.
In a closed stratification system, individuals are confined to the social class they were born into and have no opportunities to transition to higher levels of society.
True
What is an example of open stratification?
What is an example of open stratification?
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What is the key characteristic of a caste system?
What is the key characteristic of a caste system?
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What are the factors that influence social positioning in a class system?
What are the factors that influence social positioning in a class system?
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What is the key difference between an exogamous marriage and an endogamous marriage?
What is the key difference between an exogamous marriage and an endogamous marriage?
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What is meritocracy?
What is meritocracy?
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What is social mobility?
What is social mobility?
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Which of the following are examples of upward mobility?
Which of the following are examples of upward mobility?
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What are the three major processes of social change?
What are the three major processes of social change?
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What are the four major types of globalization?
What are the four major types of globalization?
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Climate change can have significant impacts on societies.
Climate change can have significant impacts on societies.
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What is the main cause of ethnic conflicts?
What is the main cause of ethnic conflicts?
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What are the three effects of ethnic conflicts?
What are the three effects of ethnic conflicts?
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What is the main cause of ideological conflicts?
What is the main cause of ideological conflicts?
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What is the main difference between negative peace and peace-making activities?
What is the main difference between negative peace and peace-making activities?
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What is the main goal of peace-keeping activities?
What is the main goal of peace-keeping activities?
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What is the main purpose of peace-building activities?
What is the main purpose of peace-building activities?
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What are some of the internal conflict issues that can affect societies?
What are some of the internal conflict issues that can affect societies?
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What is migration?
What is migration?
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Which of the following are types of migration?
Which of the following are types of migration?
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What is citizenship?
What is citizenship?
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Which of the following are examples of legal status examples for citizenship?
Which of the following are examples of legal status examples for citizenship?
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What are the different views on citizenship?
What are the different views on citizenship?
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What is the main characteristic of inclusive citizenship?
What is the main characteristic of inclusive citizenship?
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What is the main characteristic of strict parents with regards to citizenship?
What is the main characteristic of strict parents with regards to citizenship?
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What is the key characteristic of deliberative citizenship?
What is the key characteristic of deliberative citizenship?
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What are the main characteristics of the democratic view of citizenship?
What are the main characteristics of the democratic view of citizenship?
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What is the key characteristic of cosmopolitan citizenship?
What is the key characteristic of cosmopolitan citizenship?
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What are the characteristics of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)?
What are the characteristics of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)?
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What is a network society?
What is a network society?
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What are the advantages of e-campaigning?
What are the advantages of e-campaigning?
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What is the impact of new media on journalism?
What is the impact of new media on journalism?
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What are social movements?
What are social movements?
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What are the two main types of social movements?
What are the two main types of social movements?
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What is the main goal of reform movements?
What is the main goal of reform movements?
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What is the main goal of revolutionary movements?
What is the main goal of revolutionary movements?
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What is collective behavior?
What is collective behavior?
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What is relative deprivation?
What is relative deprivation?
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What is the resource mobilization approach to understanding social movements?
What is the resource mobilization approach to understanding social movements?
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What is the political process approach to understanding social movements?
What is the political process approach to understanding social movements?
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What are the key aspects of new social movements?
What are the key aspects of new social movements?
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Study Notes
Social and Political Stratification
- Social stratification categorizes individuals within a society based primarily on economic standing and opportunity access.
- Factors influencing social positioning include race and economic background.
- Examples include Mila's social standing in school due to her treatment of classmates or Gab's innate leadership.
Systems of Stratification
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Closed Stratification: Individuals are confined to the social class they are born into, with limited opportunities to move between classes.
- Example: A child born to farmers prioritizes family finances over education.
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Open Stratification: Individuals have flexibility in social roles and interactions, with mobility facilitated by education and employment.
- Example: A college graduate seeks further qualifications to improve job opportunities.
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Caste System: Social mobility is restricted; faith and destiny determine social standing.
- Example: A young man choosing not to pursue higher education as he believes a degree isn't necessary for a job.
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Class System: Common backgrounds (income, education, occupation) characterize social classes, enabling mobility via personal achievements.
- Example: Paul supports his siblings' education to improve their opportunities.
Types of Marriage
- Exogamous Marriage: Unites individuals from different social classes or nations.
- Endogamous Marriage: Couples from the same social class or professional background.
Meritocracy
- A system where individual status is based on effort and performance in their societal role.
- Example: An honor student securing a scholarship to further their education.
Social Mobility
- Social mobility affects inequality and poverty. It refers to the movement of individuals within a stratification system.
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Upward Mobility: Advancement to a higher social class via employment, marriage, etc.
- Example: A youth leader becoming a town councilor.
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Downward Mobility: Descent to a lower social class due to economic setbacks, health issues, or educational discontinuity.
- Example: An outstanding employee taking leave due to health problems.
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Upward Mobility: Advancement to a higher social class via employment, marriage, etc.
Social Inequality
- Social inequality arises from disparities in wealth, power, and societal roles, creating divisions within communities.
- Examples include criminal activities (theft, scams) and unequal access to resources.
Gender Roles and Feminism
- Gender Identity: Identification with specific roles and expectations based on sex.
- Patriarchy: Systems favouring male dominance in traditional family structures.
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Feminism: A social movement advocating for gender equality.
- Liberal Feminism: Addresses discrimination by advocating for equality.
- Radical Feminism: Questions the root of male-dominated power structures, looking at the various facets of gender inequality.
- Black Feminism: Explores the interplay of class, race, and gender issues.
Global Stratification and Theories
- Modernization Theory: Emphasizes solutions like wage increases and better opportunities to combat poverty.
- Dependency Theory: Focuses on the exploitation of poorer nations by wealthier ones.
- World Systems Theory: Examines global economic relationships between countries.
- State-Centered Theories: Highlights government intervention in economic development.
Social and Cultural Change
- Social and cultural changes influence individuals across generations due to varying lifestyles and societal norms.
- Examples include technology and entertainment advancements.
Processes of Change
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Innovation: Introduction of new ideas, methods, or technologies to improve and enhance societies.
- Examples include installing CCTV cameras and distributing computers in schools.
- Assimilation: Absorption of cultural elements as people integrate into new societies, adopting aspects such as food, laws, and hobbies.
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Diffusion: Spreading of cultural elements or innovations across societies, often aided by technology.
- Example: Viral videos showcasing cultural practices.
Globalization
- Cultural Globalization: Spread of values, ideas, and practices that promote social connections worldwide.
- Economic Globalization: Expanding global trade and services, fostering interdependence.
- Industrial Globalization: Expansion of major brands internationally.
- Food Globalization: Global popularity of certain food dishes.
Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change
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Climate Change: Rise in average global temperatures, causing variations in weather patterns, and impacting societies.
- Examples: Water resource scarcity and deforestation.
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Ethnic, Religious, and Ideological Conflicts: Conflicts stemming from factors such as greed, economic disparity, and differing beliefs.
- Example: Disputes over resources and territory.
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Conflict Resolution: Addressing conflict through various methods including mediation and intervention between parties.
- Example: Reconciliation between individuals and organizations.
Migration
- Definition: Movement of people for permanent residence.
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Types:
- Emigration: Leaving one's country to settle abroad.
- Internal Migration: Moving within a country.
- Permanent Migration: Acquiring citizenship.
- Temporary Migration: Short-term relocation.
- Refugees: Forced relocation due to war or displacement.
Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change
- Citizenship: Legal status granting rights and protections within a certain geographic area.
- Legal Status Examples: Introducing a partner, accepting legal drinking age norms, or expressing respect for societal structures.
- Inclusive Citizenship: Belief that marginal groups should not be empowered.
- Strict Parents: High expectations and a focus on discipline.
- Deliberative Views: Citizenship involvement in dialogues and decision-making.
- Democratic Views: Limitations on direct political involvement, emphasizing government control.
- Cosmopolitan Views: Addressing global concerns alongside political issues.
- Participatory Governance: Community engagement and participation through social media or specific events.
- Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) have specific characteristics and operate independently from government control.
- Network Society: Impact of technologies on social, political, economic, and cultural changes.
- E-Democracy: Political participation enabled by technology.
- E-Campaigning: Using technology for political campaigning endeavors
New Media
- Impact on Journalism: Social media enables faster news dissemination among users compared to traditional journalists.
- New Politics: Politicians employ social media to share opinions and comment on relevant issues.
Social Movements
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Definition: Organized, collective efforts focused on creating systematic change.
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Reform Movements: Striving to align political systems with community values.
- Examples include awareness campaigns or changes to existing laws relating to pregnancy, abortion, and drug use.
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Revolutionary Movements: Efforts to overturn existing rules and regulations.
- Examples could include defying rules, particularly at a school level, or challenging parental or governmental regulations.
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Collective Behavior Approach: Social movements as a response to individual dissatisfaction stemming from unmet expectations.
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Relative Deprivation: Feeling dissatisfied when expectations are not met.
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Resource Mobilization Approach: Social movements require organizational structure for success.
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Political Process Approach: External political environments influence social movements.
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New Social Movements: Address neglected issues, for instance same-sex marriage.
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