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Questions and Answers
What percentage of 17-25 year olds have a mental health need?
What percentage of 17-25 year olds have a mental health need?
Which gender is more likely to experience mental illness between the ages of 16-24?
Which gender is more likely to experience mental illness between the ages of 16-24?
What is a significant risk factor for developing mental illness in youth as noted in the content?
What is a significant risk factor for developing mental illness in youth as noted in the content?
What impact does growing up in a poor household have on mental health according to the notes?
What impact does growing up in a poor household have on mental health according to the notes?
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What has happened to the negative impacts of poor mental health during youth over time?
What has happened to the negative impacts of poor mental health during youth over time?
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What percentage of young people experience optimum transition to adult mental health services?
What percentage of young people experience optimum transition to adult mental health services?
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Which factor increases the likelihood of a young person transitioning to adult services?
Which factor increases the likelihood of a young person transitioning to adult services?
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What is the common issue faced by adult services regarding waiting times?
What is the common issue faced by adult services regarding waiting times?
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What proportion of young people are estimated to not be referred to adult services despite being unwell?
What proportion of young people are estimated to not be referred to adult services despite being unwell?
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What is the main purpose of the MILESTONE Project?
What is the main purpose of the MILESTONE Project?
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What has significantly influenced the reform of youth mental health services?
What has significantly influenced the reform of youth mental health services?
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In which of the following countries has youth mental health service evolution been reviewed?
In which of the following countries has youth mental health service evolution been reviewed?
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What percentage of mental health conditions typically emerge by the age of 24?
What percentage of mental health conditions typically emerge by the age of 24?
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What is a primary aim of the reviewed advancements in youth mental health services?
What is a primary aim of the reviewed advancements in youth mental health services?
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What approach has gained attention to address the treatment of mental health issues in youth?
What approach has gained attention to address the treatment of mental health issues in youth?
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What methodology was used to gather information for the review on youth mental health services?
What methodology was used to gather information for the review on youth mental health services?
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What is a significant challenge identified in the context of youth mental health services?
What is a significant challenge identified in the context of youth mental health services?
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Which service model aspect is highlighted for improving mental health services for young people?
Which service model aspect is highlighted for improving mental health services for young people?
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What is one of the major barriers that young people from minoritised groups face regarding mental health services?
What is one of the major barriers that young people from minoritised groups face regarding mental health services?
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What age range do the Youth Information, Access and Counselling Services (YIACS) typically serve?
What age range do the Youth Information, Access and Counselling Services (YIACS) typically serve?
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What service model has received significant research interest in Australia for youth mental health?
What service model has received significant research interest in Australia for youth mental health?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus area of Headspace services in Australia?
Which of the following is NOT a focus area of Headspace services in Australia?
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What type of service do Early Support Hubs provide to improve access for young people?
What type of service do Early Support Hubs provide to improve access for young people?
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What percentage of young people using Headspace services show significant improvements in psychological distress or quality of life?
What percentage of young people using Headspace services show significant improvements in psychological distress or quality of life?
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Which of the following best describes the accessibility of Early Support Hubs?
Which of the following best describes the accessibility of Early Support Hubs?
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The stigma associated with seeking mental health support in minoritized communities is primarily linked to what experience?
The stigma associated with seeking mental health support in minoritized communities is primarily linked to what experience?
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What is the primary goal of the ACCESS network in Canada?
What is the primary goal of the ACCESS network in Canada?
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Which of the following is NOT a key service gap addressed by the ACCESS network?
Which of the following is NOT a key service gap addressed by the ACCESS network?
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What is a significant challenge faced during the transition from child to adult mental health services?
What is a significant challenge faced during the transition from child to adult mental health services?
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How does the initiative emphasize inclusivity in mental health care?
How does the initiative emphasize inclusivity in mental health care?
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What approach is suggested for ensuring continuity of care for youth transitioning to adult services?
What approach is suggested for ensuring continuity of care for youth transitioning to adult services?
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What is the primary focus of headspace in Australia?
What is the primary focus of headspace in Australia?
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Which of the following describes the approach used by headspace?
Which of the following describes the approach used by headspace?
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Which population's unique needs are explicitly highlighted in the ACCESS network's initiatives?
Which population's unique needs are explicitly highlighted in the ACCESS network's initiatives?
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What challenge does Australia face regarding youth mental health services?
What challenge does Australia face regarding youth mental health services?
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Why is ongoing research important for youth mental health services?
Why is ongoing research important for youth mental health services?
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What is a main strategy needed to encourage help-seeking behaviors among youth with mental health issues?
What is a main strategy needed to encourage help-seeking behaviors among youth with mental health issues?
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What sparked the youth mental health movement in Ireland?
What sparked the youth mental health movement in Ireland?
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What is the age range served by the Jigsaw program in Ireland?
What is the age range served by the Jigsaw program in Ireland?
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What is a key initiative in the UK aimed at improving youth mental health services?
What is a key initiative in the UK aimed at improving youth mental health services?
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What remains a critical area needing further development in the UK mental health system?
What remains a critical area needing further development in the UK mental health system?
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What element hinders the comprehensive implementation of youth mental health services in Ireland?
What element hinders the comprehensive implementation of youth mental health services in Ireland?
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Study Notes
Early Intervention in Youth Mental Health
- Increased risk of developing mental health problems
- Leading cause of disability in young people worldwide
- 25% of 17-25 year olds have a mental health need
- Young adults least likely to access mental health services
Risk Factors for Poor Mental Health During Youth
- Being Female: Females aged 16-24 are three times more likely to experience mental illness than males (Mental Health Foundation, 2016)
- Poverty: Growing up in poverty increases the risk of developing a mental illness threefold (Green et al, 2005)
- Trauma: Adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of experiencing mental illness later in life (Hughes et al, 2017)
The Need for Early Intervention
- Evidence suggests the impacts of poor mental health during youth are severe and long-lasting, worsening over time.
- Diagnosed youth mental illness is linked to increased risk of substance use, poor educational achievements, violence, abuse, and poor sexual health (Patel et al., 2007)
Care Costs, Productivity, and Other Costs
- Individual: Treatment and service fees
- Family and Friends: Informal care-giving
- Society: Provision of mental health care and general care (taxation and insurance), local authority care and accommodation, social work
- Health System: Educational psychologists, special education costs, education welfare officers, indirect costs from educational attainment.
- Productivity: Reduced learning capacity, future work disability, future lost earnings, time off from work, reduced productivity.
- Other Costs: Suffering, treatment side-effects, suicide, stigma, social exclusion, psychological hardship/carer burden, loss of lives.
- Perspective: Individual with mental health disorders/problems, Family and friends, Health System, Social Services, Education Services.
Barriers
- Lack of available services
- Differences across the country (rural vs. city)
- CAMHS/AMHS transition boundary
- Waiting lists, impacting other barriers
- Low levels of engagement (YP feel their needs aren't met)
- Stigma (reported from peers and families/communities of young people from ethnic minorities)
- Noted family stigma due to experiences of racism in the healthcare system.
- Young people from minoritised groups experiencing barriers to accessing community-based mental health services.
- Public awareness of less 'severe' mental health problems.
Transition
- Transfer of care to new services, a planned process involving the young person (YP) and their care team.
- Usually occurs at 16-18 years, but often poorly managed due to cracks between services
- Continued care at CAMHS is less common due to funding issues.
- Some YPs may be discharged to a GP or referred to talking therapies.
- Monitored medication.
- Previous research indicates only 4% of young people experience optimum transition (Singh et al., 2010).
- Young people with more severe mental illness are more likely to transition successfully.
- Adult services can experience 6-month waiting lists.
- Many young people are not referred to adult services.
The MILESTONE Project
- Aimed to understand and improve care for young people crossing the transition boundary between child and adult mental health services.
- Over 1000 young people were followed up for 24 months.
- Trialled an intervention of 'managed transition'.
- Interrupted Care: YPs at the point of leaving CAMHS may not want another service, or they are unwell and there is no service for them to transition to.
Young People Who Transition
- Young people were more likely to transition successfully to AMHS if rated 'severely ill' by their CAMHS clinician, had previously attempted suicide, and had higher scores on measures of overall health, functioning, and independent behaviours.
Low Levels of Engagement
- Young adults are the age group least likely to start care at IAPT after referral (Pettit et al., 2017).
- Around one-third of those referred complete a course of therapy.
- Inflexibility can be a barrier to engagement.
- Remote engagement, e.g., video calls, can be a barrier.
- Poor experience in CAMHS can deter future engagement.
Stigma
- Negative experiences impacting young people are reported from multiple sources (family, friends, general public).
- More severe mental illness experiences are reported as more stigmatized.
- Public information campaigns have been used to address stigma associated with poor mental health.
- Reported mistrust of healthcare systems, due to historical racism, among minority communities
Early Support Hubs
- Mental health wellbeing centres providing open access and early support for young people.
- Community-based "drop-in" services and other interventions.
International Evidence
- Headspace (Australia): majority of young people access the service for anxiety and depression symptoms, around a third show improved psychological distress, and psychosocial functioning; over two-thirds show improved quality of life.
- Jigsaw (Ireland): Most young people showed severe levels of distress.
- International evidence shows that the majority of young people who access these services show symptoms of anxiety and depression; around one third show significant improvement.
The Policy Context
- Charities, such as Youth Access, have campaigned for the wider role out of early support hubs, known as the "Fund the Hubs" campaign.
- The DHSC has allocated £8 million to fund additional services at 24 existing hubs.
- Hubs focus on areas outside of London.
- 12-month funding for the hubs; evaluation of the effectiveness led by the MHPRU.
Evaluation Outcomes
- Requested information from young people to complete wellbeing measures (SWEMWBS), PHQ & GAD-7, functioning (WSAS), and 1-item loneliness question.
- Some of these measures are youth-specific versions.
- Also collected information on objective social outcomes.
Recommendations
- Develop new models of care to close the gap between CAMHS and AMHS.
- Improve training for General Practitioners (GPs) in managing young people's mental health.
- Ensure appropriate crisis care is available.
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
- Strengths: Rich data from long-term reflections, diverse participant experiences.
- Limitations: Potential response bias; a high proportion of university students; reliance on self-reported diagnoses.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical aspects of early intervention in youth mental health. It addresses risk factors, prevalence, and the importance of timely support for young individuals facing mental health challenges. Test your understanding of this pressing issue affecting today's youth.
