Young's Double Slit Experiment

Study Notes

In 1801, Thomas Young performed the double slit experiment, which showed that light is a wave.
Young's experiment involved passing pure-wavelength light through a pair of vertical slits, creating a pattern of numerous vertical lines spread out horizontally on a screen.
The acceptance of the wave character of light came as a result of Young's experiment.
The wave character of light is not ordinarily observed due to the need for light to interact with something small, such as closely spaced slits, to show pronounced wave effects.
Young first passed light from a single source through a single slit to make the light coherent (in phase or having a definite phase relationship).
Then, he passed the light through a double slit, providing two coherent light sources that interfered constructively or destructively.

Constructive interference occurs when identical waves are in phase, resulting in bright lines on the screen.
Destructive interference occurs when identical waves are exactly out of phase or shifted by half a wavelength, resulting in dark regions on the screen.
The light must fall on a screen and be scattered into our eyes for us to see the pattern.
The angles at which constructive and destructive interference occur depend on the wavelength and the distance between the slits.

The path length difference between the two waves from the slits to a common point on the screen is given by d sin θ, where d is the distance between the slits and θ is the angle from the original direction of the beam.
For constructive interference, the path length difference must be an integral multiple of the wavelength, or d sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, −1, 2, −2,...
For destructive interference, the path length difference must be a half-integral multiple of the wavelength, or d sin θ = (m+1/2)λ, for m = 0, 1, −1, 2, −2,...
The order of the interference is given by m.

The intensity of the bright fringes falls off on either side, being brightest at the center.
The closer the slits are, the more the bright fringes spread out.
Small d gives large θ, hence a large wave effect.

Interference patterns can be used to measure wavelengths.
The technique is still widely used to measure electromagnetic spectra.
For a given order, the angle for constructive interference increases with λ, so that spectra can be obtained.