36-45 (Ali)

Young Adulthood

• Stress can lead to risky behaviors, unhealthy eating, poor sleep, and more in young adults.
• There are two coping strategies: Emotion-Focused Coping (managing emotions) and Problem-Focused Coping (addressing issues head-on).
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) affects women, causing physical discomfort and emotional tension before menstruation.
• Infertility is the inability to conceive, with common causes in women including failure to produce ova, cervical mucus, or disease of the uterine lining.
• Reflective Thinking involves active consideration of information, continually questioning facts, and drawing inferences.
• Postformal Thought is characterized by dealing with inconsistency, contradiction, and compromise, and acknowledges multiple valid perspectives.

Cognitive Development

• Schaie's Lifespan Model proposes five stages: Acquisitive, Achieving, Responsible, Executive, and Reintegrative.
• The stages are characterized by the use of cognitive abilities to acquire information, achieve goals, take responsibility, lead others, and reorganize life.
• There are four types of knowledge: Componential (analytical), Experiential (original thinking), Contextual (knowing one's way around), and Tacit (inside information, know-how).
• Emotional Intelligence involves perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions to achieve goals.

Intimate Relationships

• Intimate relationships require self-awareness, empathy, communication, conflict resolution, and commitment.
• Friendships during young adulthood are less stable due to relocation and focus on work.
• Women have more intimate friendships, while men share information and activities.
• Fictive kin are treated as family members despite a lack of blood relationship.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

• Love develops through a story, with three elements: Intimacy (emotional connection), Passion (motivational drive), and Commitment (cognitive decision).
• The combinations of these elements result in different types of love, such as Nonlove, Liking, Infatuation, Empty Love, Companionate Love, Fatuous Love, Romantic Love, and Consummate Love.

Retirement

• Clarity and purpose in retirement can be achieved through introspection, realistic expectations, and setting life goals.
• Reorientation involves redefining oneself, reassessing priorities, and finding new purpose.
• The stability phase involves growth, contentment, and settling into a new routine.
• Finding meaning in life can lead to clear guidelines, motivation, and self-care.

Spirituality and Religion

• Spirituality involves experiencing something beyond oneself, while religiousness involves affiliation with an organized religion.
• Viktor Frankl emphasized the importance of spirituality, freedom, and responsibility.
• Four main needs for meaning guide how people make sense of their lives: Purpose, Values, Efficacy, and Self-Worth.
• Midlife Review, Selective Optimization with Compensation, and Associated Prosocial Behaviors are important in finding meaning.

Old Age

• Successful Aging involves good physical health, retention of cognitive abilities, and continued engagement in social and productive activities.
• Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are essential for independent living.
• Volunteerism and Religious Coping can contribute to better physical and mental health.

Financially Establishing Oneself

• Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people.
• Parental Investment Theory and Social Role Theory influence mate preferences.
• Assortative Mating (Homogamy) involves mating with someone with similar traits.

Career Development

• Donald Super's Career Development Tasks include Crystallization, Specialization, and Implementation.
• Middle-aged individuals often experience satisfaction with their accomplishments.
• Fluid Intelligence peaks in young adulthood, while Crystallized Intelligence increases throughout middle age.
• Mature adults show increased competence in solving problems in their chosen field.

Specialized Knowledge or Expertise

• Encapsulated knowledge is a form of crystallized intelligence.
• Adults rely on experience-based thinking, which is related to Postformal Thought.
• Expert thinking often seems automatic and intuitive.

Phased Retirement and Bridge Employment

• Phased retirement involves reducing work hours or days over several years.
• Bridge employment involves switching to another company or new line of work.
• Employers benefit from workplace education in the form of improved morale, quality of work, and problem-solving abilities.

Literacy and Emotional Stages of Retirement

• Literacy is crucial for participation in modern society.
• The three emotional stages of retirement are Pre-Retirement, Honeymoon Phase, and Disenchantment Phase.### Wisdom
• Characterized by exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge about the conditions of life and human affects
• Involves reflective judgment about the application of knowledge
• May lead to transcendence and detachment from preoccupation with the self
• Enables individuals to navigate the messiness of life
• Older adults tend to make the most of their abilities, often exploiting gains in one area to offset declines in another

Developmental Challenges and Milestones

Prenatal and Childhood

Prenatal

• Maternal health and nutrition affect fetal development
  • Underweight and overweight women have higher risk of complications
  • Malnutrition leads to fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
• Harmful substances during pregnancy:
  • Thalidomide: stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
  • Antibiotics, Barbiturates, Opiates, Acutane: harmful to fetal development
  • Opioids: associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium
• Neonate Abstinence Syndrome: sleep disturbances, tremors, difficulty regulating body, irritability, and crying
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: characterized by retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

Diabetic Mothers

• Babies are more likely to have heart and neural tube defects
• Stress and anxiety are associated with irritable and active temperament in newborns
• Chronic stress can result in preterm delivery
• Depression may cause premature birth or developmental delays
• Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age

Adolescent Mothers

• Tend to have premature or underweight babies
• Fetal exposure to low levels of environmental toxins may result in asthma, allergies, and lupus
• X-Rays and certain substances may result in low-birth weight babies
• Fathers' exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, and pesticides may affect sperm quality

Older Fathers

• May be a significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm
• Breech Position: baby's buttocks emerge first from the vagina, causing respiratory problems
• Complications: bleeding, infection, damage to pelvic organs, post-operative pains, and riskier future pregnancies
• Apgar Scale: assesses newborn health at 1-5 minutes after birth

Anoxia

• Lack of oxygen leading to permanent brain damage, mental retardation, behavior problems, or even death

Infancy and Toddlerhood

• Very Low Birth Weight: less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
• Extremely Low Birth Weight: less than 2 pounds
• Pre-term Infants: born three weeks or more before full term
• Small for Date Infants: birth weight below normal considering gestational age
• Kangaroo Care: skin-to-skin contact to help stabilize preterm infants' heartbeat, temperature, and breathing

Childhood

• Nonorganic Failure to Thrive: slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause
• Shaken Baby Syndrome: brain damage and death caused by shaking a baby
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome: lack of surfactant, leading to collapsed air sacs
• Postmature Babies: tend to be long and lean due to insufficient blood supply
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: unexplained death of an infant under age 1

Middle and Late Childhood

• Tooth decay remains a common problem
• Acute Medical Conditions: infections, warts, etc.
• Chronic Medical Conditions: physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions persisting for 3 months or more, such as asthma and diabetes
• Asthma: chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease
• Diabetes: high blood sugar levels due to defective insulin production or action
• Hypertension: high blood pressure, linked to learning disabilities and executive functioning problems

Adolescence

• Influences on Obesity: overweight parents, poor nutrition, inactivity
• Acute Medical Conditions: infections, warts, etc.
• Chronic Medical Conditions: physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions persisting for 3 months or more, such as asthma and diabetes
• Asthma: chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease
• Diabetes: high blood sugar levels due to defective insulin production or action
• Hypertension: high blood pressure, linked to learning disabilities and executive functioning problems

Adulthood

• Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of poor mental health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer
• Sleep deprivation can affect concentration and school performance
• Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health, experience difficulty attending school, and engage in strenuous activities
• Body Image: highly linked to eating disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa: severe underweight and distorted body image
• Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, or excessive exercise
• Binge-eating disorder: binge eating without purging

Middle Adulthood

• Peers play a significant role in influencing behavior
• Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of poor mental health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer
• Sleep deprivation can affect concentration and school performance
• Overweight individuals tend to be in poorer health, experience difficulty attending school, and engage in strenuous activities
• Body Image: highly linked to eating disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa: severe underweight and distorted body image
• Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, or excessive exercise
• Binge-eating disorder: binge eating without purging### Hypertension and Chronic Diseases
• High blood pressure is a major concern from midlife and the leading preventable cause of early death.
• Cancer is the leading cause of death between ages 45 and 64, replacing heart disease.
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common type, developing after age 30, where cells lose their ability to use insulin.
• Type 1 diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes, occurs when the body doesn't produce enough insulin.

Health Disparities

• People with low socioeconomic status tend to have poorer health, shorter life expectancy, and more chronic disease.
• Women have a higher life expectancy than men, but report being in fair or poor health more often.

Osteoporosis and Breast Cancer

• Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become thin and brittle due to calcium depletion, often linked to falling estrogen levels.
• Good lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of osteoporosis if started early in life.
• Breast cancer is responsible for the largest number of cancer-related deaths among women, with risk factors including overweight, alcoholism, and family history.

Lifestyle and Mental Health

• Sleep deprivation affects cognitive, emotional, and social functioning, and worsens cognitive performance.
• Smoking is a leading preventable cause of death, illness, and poverty, and may be genetic.
• Alcoholism is a long-term physical condition characterized by compulsive drinking.

Developmental Stages

• Adolescence and emerging adulthood are sensitive periods for depressive disorders.
• Depression carried into adulthood is linked to childhood risk factors, including neurological disorders and dysfunctional families.

Social Relationships

• Social integration is active engagement in a broad range of relationships, activities, and roles.
• Social support includes material, informational, and psychological resources from social networks.

Reproductive Health

• Contraception methods include birth control pills, female sterilization, and condoms.
• Sexual assault is a significant problem, including rape and date or acquaintance rape.
• Premenstrual syndrome is a disorder that produces physical discomfort and emotional tension two weeks before menstruation.

Marriage and Family

• Infertility is the inability to conceive, with common causes in women including failure to produce ova or disease of the uterine lining.
• Marital satisfaction typically declines during the child-raising years, but combining work and family roles can be good for mental and physical health.
• Reasons for divorce include incompatibility, lack of emotional support, and abuse.

Divorce and Remarriage

• Divorce reduces long-term well-being, and people who are happily married tend to react negatively to divorce.
• Remarriage can be a "triumph of hope over experience," but families with children have higher levels of conflict and are more likely to end in divorce.