36-45 (Ali)

Young Adulthood

• Stress can lead to risky behaviors, unhealthy eating, poor sleep, and more in young adults.
• There are two coping strategies: Emotion-Focused Coping (managing emotions) and Problem-Focused Coping (addressing issues head-on).
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) affects women, causing physical discomfort and emotional tension before menstruation.
• Infertility is the inability to conceive, with common causes in women including failure to produce ova, cervical mucus, or disease of the uterine lining.
• Reflective Thinking involves active consideration of information, continually questioning facts, and drawing inferences.
• Postformal Thought is characterized by dealing with inconsistency, contradiction, and compromise, and acknowledges multiple valid perspectives.

Cognitive Development

• Schaie's Lifespan Model proposes five stages: Acquisitive, Achieving, Responsible, Executive, and Reintegrative.
• The stages are characterized by the use of cognitive abilities to acquire information, achieve goals, take responsibility, lead others, and reorganize life.
• There are four types of knowledge: Componential (analytical), Experiential (original thinking), Contextual (knowing one's way around), and Tacit (inside information, know-how).
• Emotional Intelligence involves perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions to achieve goals.

Intimate Relationships

• Intimate relationships require self-awareness, empathy, communication, conflict resolution, and commitment.
• Friendships during young adulthood are less stable due to relocation and focus on work.
• Women have more intimate friendships, while men share information and activities.
• Fictive kin are treated as family members despite a lack of blood relationship.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

• Love develops through a story, with three elements: Intimacy (emotional connection), Passion (motivational drive), and Commitment (cognitive decision).
• The combinations of these elements result in different types of love, such as Nonlove, Liking, Infatuation, Empty Love, Companionate Love, Fatuous Love, Romantic Love, and Consummate Love.

Retirement

• Clarity and purpose in retirement can be achieved through introspection, realistic expectations, and setting life goals.
• Reorientation involves redefining oneself, reassessing priorities, and finding new purpose.
• The stability phase involves growth, contentment, and settling into a new routine.
• Finding meaning in life can lead to clear guidelines, motivation, and self-care.

Spirituality and Religion

• Spirituality involves experiencing something beyond oneself, while religiousness involves affiliation with an organized religion.
• Viktor Frankl emphasized the importance of spirituality, freedom, and responsibility.
• Four main needs for meaning guide how people make sense of their lives: Purpose, Values, Efficacy, and Self-Worth.
• Midlife Review, Selective Optimization with Compensation, and Associated Prosocial Behaviors are important in finding meaning.

Old Age

• Successful Aging involves good physical health, retention of cognitive abilities, and continued engagement in social and productive activities.
• Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are essential for independent living.
• Volunteerism and Religious Coping can contribute to better physical and mental health.

Financially Establishing Oneself

• Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people.
• Parental Investment Theory and Social Role Theory influence mate preferences.
• Assortative Mating (Homogamy) involves mating with someone with similar traits.

Career Development

• Donald Super's Career Development Tasks include Crystallization, Specialization, and Implementation.
• Middle-aged individuals often experience satisfaction with their accomplishments.
• Fluid Intelligence peaks in young adulthood, while Crystallized Intelligence increases throughout middle age.
• Mature adults show increased competence in solving problems in their chosen field.

Specialized Knowledge or Expertise

• Encapsulated knowledge is a form of crystallized intelligence.
• Adults rely on experience-based thinking, which is related to Postformal Thought.
• Expert thinking often seems automatic and intuitive.

Phased Retirement and Bridge Employment

• Phased retirement involves reducing work hours or days over several years.
• Bridge employment involves switching to another company or new line of work.
• Employers benefit from workplace education in the form of improved morale, quality of work, and problem-solving abilities.

Literacy and Emotional Stages of Retirement

• Literacy is crucial for participation in modern society.
• The three emotional stages of retirement are Pre-Retirement, Honeymoon Phase, and Disenchantment Phase.### Wisdom
• Characterized by exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge about the conditions of life and human affects
• Involves reflective judgment about the application of knowledge
• May lead to transcendence and detachment from preoccupation with the self
• Enables individuals to navigate the messiness of life
• Older adults tend to make the most of their abilities, often exploiting gains in one area to offset declines in another

Developmental Challenges and Milestones

Prenatal and Childhood

Prenatal

• Maternal health and nutrition affect fetal development
  • Underweight and overweight women have higher risk of complications
  • Malnutrition leads to fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
• Harmful substances during pregnancy:
  • Thalidomide: stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
  • Antibiotics, Barbiturates, Opiates, Acutane: harmful to fetal development
  • Opioids: associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium
• Neonate Abstinence Syndrome: sleep disturbances, tremors, difficulty regulating body, irritability, and crying
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: characterized by retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

Diabetic Mothers

• Babies are more likely to have heart and neural tube defects
• Stress and anxiety are associated with irritable and active temperament in newborns
• Chronic stress can result in preterm delivery
• Depression may cause premature birth or developmental delays
• Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age

Adolescent Mothers

• Tend to have premature or underweight babies
• Fetal exposure to low levels of environmental toxins may result in asthma, allergies, and lupus
• X-Rays and certain substances may result in low-birth weight babies
• Fathers' exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, and pesticides may affect sperm quality

Older Fathers

• May be a significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm
• Breech Position: baby's buttocks emerge first from the vagina, causing respiratory problems
• Complications: bleeding, infection, damage to pelvic organs, post-operative pains, and riskier future pregnancies
• Apgar Scale: assesses newborn health at 1-5 minutes after birth

Anoxia

• Lack of oxygen leading to permanent brain damage, mental retardation, behavior problems, or even death

Infancy and Toddlerhood

• Very Low Birth Weight: less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
• Extremely Low Birth Weight: less than 2 pounds
• Pre-term Infants: born three weeks or more before full term
• Small for Date Infants: birth weight below normal considering gestational age
• Kangaroo Care: skin-to-skin contact to help stabilize preterm infants' heartbeat, temperature, and breathing

Childhood

• Nonorganic Failure to Thrive: slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause
• Shaken Baby Syndrome: brain damage and death caused by shaking a baby
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome: lack of surfactant, leading to collapsed air sacs
• Postmature Babies: tend to be long and lean due to insufficient blood supply
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: unexplained death of an infant under age 1

Middle and Late Childhood

• Tooth decay remains a common problem
• Acute Medical Conditions: infections, warts, etc.
• Chronic Medical Conditions: physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions persisting for 3 months or more, such as asthma and diabetes
• Asthma: chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease
• Diabetes: high blood sugar levels due to defective insulin production or action
• Hypertension: high blood pressure, linked to learning disabilities and executive functioning problems

Adolescence

• Influences on Obesity: overweight parents, poor nutrition, inactivity
• Acute Medical Conditions: infections, warts, etc.
• Chronic Medical Conditions: physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions persisting for 3 months or more, such as asthma and diabetes
• Asthma: chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease
• Diabetes: high blood sugar levels due to defective insulin production or action
• Hypertension: high blood pressure, linked to learning disabilities and executive functioning problems

Adulthood

• Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of poor mental health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer
• Sleep deprivation can affect concentration and school performance
• Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health, experience difficulty attending school, and engage in strenuous activities
• Body Image: highly linked to eating disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa: severe underweight and distorted body image
• Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, or excessive exercise
• Binge-eating disorder: binge eating without purging

Middle Adulthood

• Peers play a significant role in influencing behavior
• Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of poor mental health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer
• Sleep deprivation can affect concentration and school performance
• Overweight individuals tend to be in poorer health, experience difficulty attending school, and engage in strenuous activities
• Body Image: highly linked to eating disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa: severe underweight and distorted body image
• Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, or excessive exercise
• Binge-eating disorder: binge eating without purging### Hypertension and Chronic Diseases
• High blood pressure is a major concern from midlife and the leading preventable cause of early death.
• Cancer is the leading cause of death between ages 45 and 64, replacing heart disease.
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common type, developing after age 30, where cells lose their ability to use insulin.
• Type 1 diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes, occurs when the body doesn't produce enough insulin.

Health Disparities

• People with low socioeconomic status tend to have poorer health, shorter life expectancy, and more chronic disease.
• Women have a higher life expectancy than men, but report being in fair or poor health more often.

Osteoporosis and Breast Cancer

• Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become thin and brittle due to calcium depletion, often linked to falling estrogen levels.
• Good lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of osteoporosis if started early in life.
• Breast cancer is responsible for the largest number of cancer-related deaths among women, with risk factors including overweight, alcoholism, and family history.

Lifestyle and Mental Health

• Sleep deprivation affects cognitive, emotional, and social functioning, and worsens cognitive performance.
• Smoking is a leading preventable cause of death, illness, and poverty, and may be genetic.
• Alcoholism is a long-term physical condition characterized by compulsive drinking.

Developmental Stages

• Adolescence and emerging adulthood are sensitive periods for depressive disorders.
• Depression carried into adulthood is linked to childhood risk factors, including neurological disorders and dysfunctional families.

Social Relationships

• Social integration is active engagement in a broad range of relationships, activities, and roles.
• Social support includes material, informational, and psychological resources from social networks.

Reproductive Health

• Contraception methods include birth control pills, female sterilization, and condoms.
• Sexual assault is a significant problem, including rape and date or acquaintance rape.
• Premenstrual syndrome is a disorder that produces physical discomfort and emotional tension two weeks before menstruation.

Marriage and Family

• Infertility is the inability to conceive, with common causes in women including failure to produce ova or disease of the uterine lining.
• Marital satisfaction typically declines during the child-raising years, but combining work and family roles can be good for mental and physical health.
• Reasons for divorce include incompatibility, lack of emotional support, and abuse.

Divorce and Remarriage

• Divorce reduces long-term well-being, and people who are happily married tend to react negatively to divorce.
• Remarriage can be a "triumph of hope over experience," but families with children have higher levels of conflict and are more likely to end in divorce.

Learn about the effects of stress on young adults, including unhealthy behaviors and poor sleep quality. Explore emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies and premenstrual syndrome.