Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributes to girl aggression and delinquency?
Which of the following factors contributes to girl aggression and delinquency?
What impact does increased control have on girls' delinquency?
What impact does increased control have on girls' delinquency?
Girls are more likely than boys to engage in shoplifting alone.
Girls are more likely than boys to engage in shoplifting alone.
False
What is one reason girls may engage in aggressive behavior according to the content?
What is one reason girls may engage in aggressive behavior according to the content?
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Girls are more likely than boys to be referred for psychological treatment when involved in the juvenile justice system.
Girls are more likely than boys to be referred for psychological treatment when involved in the juvenile justice system.
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What is one major factor that influences girls' romantic relationships during adolescence?
What is one major factor that influences girls' romantic relationships during adolescence?
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One common reason for girls to steal in social situations is the desire to impress their __________.
One common reason for girls to steal in social situations is the desire to impress their __________.
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Match the following characteristics of girl offenders with their effects:
Match the following characteristics of girl offenders with their effects:
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Girls are often victims of ______ in their home environment, which can lead to delinquency.
Girls are often victims of ______ in their home environment, which can lead to delinquency.
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Match the following factors with their effects on girls' delinquency:
Match the following factors with their effects on girls' delinquency:
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Which of the following statements best describes girls' engagement in risky behavior compared to boys?
Which of the following statements best describes girls' engagement in risky behavior compared to boys?
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Not all girls who offend reflect homogeneous characteristics.
Not all girls who offend reflect homogeneous characteristics.
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What is the primary reason for the increased involvement of girls in the juvenile justice system?
What is the primary reason for the increased involvement of girls in the juvenile justice system?
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What role does the experience of sexual discrimination play in girl offenders' behavior?
What role does the experience of sexual discrimination play in girl offenders' behavior?
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The juvenile justice system often focuses more on girls than on boys.
The juvenile justice system often focuses more on girls than on boys.
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What type of offenses are often status offenses attributed to?
What type of offenses are often status offenses attributed to?
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According to the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA), what is a status offense?
According to the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA), what is a status offense?
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Girls are more likely to be arrested for committing crimes than boys.
Girls are more likely to be arrested for committing crimes than boys.
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Who were the founders of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)?
Who were the founders of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)?
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Under the JDA, individuals were referred to as ____ rather than criminals.
Under the JDA, individuals were referred to as ____ rather than criminals.
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Match the following offenses with their definitions under the JDA:
Match the following offenses with their definitions under the JDA:
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What is the maximum age at which individuals can be under the care of the state according to the JDA?
What is the maximum age at which individuals can be under the care of the state according to the JDA?
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Parents could be held accountable for their child's behavior under the JDA.
Parents could be held accountable for their child's behavior under the JDA.
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What model does the CA system follow to treat young offenders?
What model does the CA system follow to treat young offenders?
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Study Notes
Historical Context
- Black - information posted in MyLS
- Green - added to Lecture
- Peak of youth crime - mostly from academic research and Statistics Canada
- Youths are getting harsher treatment in Canada than in the US
- Youths receive more negative attention than any other group (80% under 25)
- Judgment of youths as troubling and problematic
Media and Politics of Youth Crime
- Idea that young people are a problem, not their actions
- 95% of crime stories - youths are violent
- Youth crime is political, influencing policies
- Youths are socially constructed - this way of presenting makes them seem like the problem
- Media drives public opinion
Reality of Youth (teens and YA)
- Teens are different from adults: mentally developing
- Frontal cortex last to develop (mid-late 20s)
- Teens excluded from adult world
- Prospects diminishing for Gen Z and Gen Alpha compared to previous generations
- Lack of mental support for young people
Social Reality (Teens)
- Social status: have no legal power until 18, emancipation through court possible at 16
- Political power: do not make rules
- Devalued contributions - legal to pay less than adults
- Distrust from adults - the court is less lenient, and actions considered unlawful
Economic Reality
- Indigenous youth and children at greater risk of getting fired and not getting a job
- 2016 graduation rate: 20%, 2021: 10% for baby boomers
- Disadvantage for Gen Z - less time to save, more debt compared to past generations
Youth Justice - Opposite Sides
- Youth Advocates: support youths struggling with issues at home, school, with friends, unemployment, and poverty.
- View Youth: Need guidance and help with things outside of their control
- Legal and Order: Crime control - focus on criminals - get what you deserve
- Punishment: Youth viewed as enemies of adults needing to be punished.
Social Construction of Youth and Adolescence
- G. Stanley (psychologist) coined adolescence in 1904
- Adolescence - a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood
- Low self-control increased in the 1940s (as a way to make money from consumer products)
Consequences of Industrial Revolution
- Law displaced children, disconnected from families, didn't know where they lived
- Children weren't paid - stole to eat
- Social Policy - UK policy: shipped kids to Canada to work in farms
- Canada: more agricultural than UK/France (1860-1920) - 100,000 kids/teens exported.
Compulsory Education
- Forced to attend school to deal with orphan kids
- Started in 1800s - reading, writing, maths
- Ontario first province to extend age past 8 (girls could stay longer)
Juvenile Delinquency and Crime
- Actus reus - committing a crime or unable to commit
- Mens rea - mental intent of committing a crime
- 14 yrs and older - understand good/bad behaviors, can get adult sentences
- Under 7 yrs - do not understand behaviors are bad
Youth Crime Legislation
- Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA) - 1908
- Legislation details - regulating - age as young as 7
Welfare Model and Child Behaviour
- Focus: help children and support for their development and well-being
- Based on environmental influences: emotional trauma, child neglect ,etc
- Emphasises family/community responsibility - for children's behaviour and well-being
Measuring Youth Crime and Counting
- Age of responsibility (7-17) changed in JDA
- Most violent age group (28-29 months) - haven't learned communication and language
- Pattern: few kids enter system at 12/13, 16/17 more likely to commit crimes
- Quantitative method using official data from police, courts, and corrections
Official Statistics for Crime
- Uniform Crime Reporting: data collected (annually by law) to report to police
- Police discretion to choose whether to arrest, and not to arrest as well as
- Less likely to give youths warning, higher surveillance is used
Problem with UCR (official statistics) in Crime
- Dark figure of crime - unknown number of crimes
- Break and entry more reported
Self-Report Surveys
- Official data removed from the source
- Skepticism - examine system bias (boys don't commit crimes as much as was thought)
- Origin of self-report in youth: middle schools and high schools
Teen Crime
- Awareness of crime is lower than official statistics
- Police attention - influenced by class differences and race
- Criminologists reflects police work, not crimes
Measuring Youth Crime
- Self-report surveys - more accurate rate of crime and types
- Criminal vs. non-criminal - girls less likely than boys to get crime reported
- Youth crime is not class-based, but boys commit more than girls
Social Dimensions of Crime (Correlates of crime)
- Correlation: association between variables
- Correlates of crime (usually social)
- Age and Gender:
- Youth and ability
- Higher crime (youth) for greater surveillance
- Gender - males more likely to commit crime than females
The Age of Responsibility
- Violence is tied to maturity - age and life events influence
- Highest rates of victimization for 16-24 year olds, also mostly violent crimes
Sex and Crime
- Gender - best predictor of crime.
- Males more likely to commit crime.
- Girls - linked to sexuality (in a negative light).
Categories of Crime:
- Property (theft, arson, mischief etc)
- Violent crime (assault, battery etc.)
- Administration of Justice (failure to comply with an order)
Legal Factors for Arrest
- Seriousness of crime
- Number of previous contacts with law
- Suspects’ attitudes and demeanours
Extra Legal Factors
- Ethnicity, age, appearance.
- Negative feelings towards youths
- Disrespect of authorities.
Diversionary Measures
- Alternative measures, may or may not involve charges
- Types of crime (non violent, less serious)
Youth in Court
- Youth Criminal Justice Act
- Procedures (due process, contact with parents, etc).
Restorative Justice
- Meetings between parties (victim, offender, community member)
- Discussing crime, harm, and apology
- Restitution, reconciliation, and rehabilitation of offender
Probationary Conditions
- Mandatory conditions (e.g. keep the peace, be of good character, appear in court as required).
- YCJA Conditions
Youth in Custody:
- Secure vs. Nonsecure Custody (level of supervision).
- Limits of sentences
Correctional Considerations
- Costs of detention (financial risks)
- Disruption of education
Indigenous Youth Issues
- Systemic racism - decisions at different levels of CJS
- Historical contexts
- Colonialism and its effects on Indigenous youth
Family Relationships' Impact
- Parental influences on youth
- Parental involvement and supervision during crises
Bullying and Victims
- Bullying is a result of social-psychological factors
- Social-cultural (stereotypes or beliefs from the past, etc)- more in depth about bullying
Media and Youth Crime
- Media portrayal of youth as “troublemakers”
- Focus on negativity, violence, and crime.
- How youth are portrayed in relation to certain demographics (e.g., racial and ethnic profiling)
Shoplifting
- Teens shoplift in groups- to impress friends
- View as pink collar crime
Race and Ethnicity
- Over-representation of Indigenous girls in the CJS
- Socioeconomic deprivation and lack of resources, over-reliance on the CJS
- Systemic racism plays into this.
Black Girls (USA, implications)
- Girls’ behaviour framed differently than that of White girls
- Black girls perceived to make choices that result in crime
- White girls perceived as a result of trauma or abuse.
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