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Questions and Answers

Which anatomical structure forms the upper half of the 4th ventricle floor?

  • Dorsal surface of the pons
  • Upper pontine part (correct)
  • Lower medullary part
  • Area postrema

What separates the upper pontine part from the back of the open medulla?

  • Medullary stria (correct)
  • Inferior medullary velum
  • Tela choroidea
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle

Which of the following areas is primarily associated with the hypoglossal nucleus?

  • Upper vestibular area
  • Lower vestibular area
  • Hypoglossal trigone (correct)
  • Vagal trigone

The median recess of the 4th ventricle is formed by which two structures?

<p>Superior medullary velum and cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ventricle communication occurs at the upper angle of the 4th ventricle?

<p>With the 3rd ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure traverses the upper portion of the 4th ventricle?

<p>Vertical median sulcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The area postrema is best described as which of the following?

<p>The vomitting center at the 4th ventricle's inferoposterior limit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the choroid plexus invaginate in the context of the 4th ventricle?

<p>Lower part of the 4th ventricle roof (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres in the human brain?

<p>Falx cerebri (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the central sulcus?

<p>Divides the motor and sensory areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is located directly posterior to the frontal lobe?

<p>Parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries provides blood supply to the posterior inferior aspects of the cerebellum?

<p>Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain occupies the anterior and superior regions of the posterior cranial fossa?

<p>Cerebral hemispheres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is situated directly inferior to the surface marked by the critical central sulcus?

<p>Parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sulcus runs obliquely across the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere?

<p>Lateral sulcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the relation of the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere?

<p>Irregular, divided into orbital and tentorial parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What supplies the anterior part of the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

<p>Central branches of the anterior cerebral artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is considered part of the basal ganglia?

<p>Amygdaloid nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the lentiform nucleus from the caudate nucleus?

<p>The presence of a tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conjunction of nuclei forms the corpus striatum?

<p>Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the corona radiata?

<p>Connect cerebral cortex to various parts of the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is mostly located in the uncus?

<p>Amygdaloid nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the posterior part of the post limb of the internal capsule?

<p>Anterior choroidal artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the lentiform nucleus divided?

<p>By the medullary lamina into internal and external segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing sensory impulses before they reach the cerebral cortex?

<p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure lies directly above the midbrain and contains motor nuclei related to extrapyramidal tracts?

<p>Subthalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by the habenular nuclei and is involved in the relay of signals to the midbrain?

<p>Epithalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location does the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle primarily lie?

<p>In the body and inferior horn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?

<p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior part of the thalamus project above?

<p>Midbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lateral ventricle is located below the fornix body?

<p>Inferior horn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the calcar avis?

<p>Creates a slight elevation in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure lies in front of the ponto-medullary cistern?

<p>Medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the median aperture in the fourth ventricle?

<p>CSF drainage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cisterns extends along the callosal sulcus?

<p>Corpus callosum cistern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What space lies between the dura and the arachnoid mater?

<p>Subdural space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery forms the circulus arteriosus in the interpeduncular cistern?

<p>Basilar artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pia mater in relation to the lateral fissure cistern?

<p>Comes in contact with the ependyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are located in the interpeduncular cistern?

<p>3rd and 4th cranial nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anesthesia is administered in the narrow epidural space?

<p>Local anesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery primarily supplies blood to the posterior regions of the thalamus?

<p>Posterior cerebral artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the post.ventral nucleus of thalamus (PVNT)?

<p>Processing conscious proprioception and fine touch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the thalamic nuclei categorized anatomically?

<p>By a Y-shaped sheet of white matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the subthalamus from the hypothalamus?

<p>Stria terminalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the PVNT receives pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure sensations?

<p>Lateral part of PVNT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure lies medial to the internal medullary lamina in the thalamus?

<p>Anterior medial nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lentiform nucleus is located relative to which anatomical structure?

<p>Internal capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior medial nucleus mainly consist of within the thalamus?

<p>Intralaminar nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fourth ventricle floor (pons)

Upper half of the fourth ventricle's bottom surface, located in the pons.

Fourth ventricle floor (medulla)

Lower half of the fourth ventricle's bottom surface, located in the medulla oblongata.

Medial eminence

A prominent bulge in the pons

Facial colliculus

A small bump on the pons, formed by facial nerve fibers

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Hypoglossal trigone

Area related to the hypoglossal nerve in the medulla.

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Vagal trigone

In medulla, related to the vagus nerve.

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Apertutes of the 4th ventricle

Openings of the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space

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Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle

Network involved in cerebrospinal fluid production, part of the 4th ventricle

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Lateral Sulcus

Fissure dividing the cerebrum into frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

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Falx Cerebri

Dural membrane separating the cerebral hemispheres.

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Cerebral Lobes

The four main sections of the cerebrum: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.

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Central Sulcus

Fold in the cerebral hemispheres, separating the frontal and parietal lobes.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

Two large parts of the brain, separated by the median longitudinal fissure.

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Frontal Lobe

Most anterior lobe of the brain, influencing speech and voluntary movement.

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Parietal Lobe

Brain region behind the frontal lobe; processes sensory information.

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Occipital Lobe

Brain region at the back; crucial for visual processing.

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Internal Capsule

A mass of nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex and other parts of the central nervous system (CNS).

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Corona Radiata

Projection fibers diverging from the internal capsule towards different areas of the cerebral cortex.

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Caudate Nucleus

A C-shaped structure of grey matter, partly in the ventricular wall and partly buried in the hemisphere. It has a head, body, and tail.

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Corpus Striatum

A part of the basal ganglia, formed by the caudate and lentiform nuclei.

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Lentiform Nucleus

A structure completely embedded within the hemisphere, and consisting of the putamen and globus pallidus, separated by a lamina.

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Basal Ganglia

Collections of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemisphere white matter.

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Blood Supply of Internal Capsule

Anterior parts are supplied by anterior cerebral artery, middle parts by middle cerebral artery, and posterior parts by anterior choroidal artery.

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Amygdaloid Nucleus

A small, round nucleus mostly in the uncus region, involved in smell.

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Thalamus location

Located above the midbrain, extending to the front and back.

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Thalamus shape

Oval with two ends and four surfaces.

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Thalamus function

Sensory relay station, all senses (except smell) pass through before reaching cerebral cortex.

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Lateral Ventricle Choroid Plexus Location

Located within the lateral ventricle, body and inferior horn.

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Lateral Ventricle Wall Formation

Lateral wall formed by "tapetum" while medial wall has choroid fissure

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Fornix body location

The fornix body arches above the thalamus' medial portion

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Hippocampus posterior horn

The posterior end of the hippocampus is an expanded region

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Diencephalon subdivisions

Composed of thalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

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Inter-ventricular foramen

A passageway connecting the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.

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Thalamus

A major relay center in the brain, processing sensory information and transmitting it to the cortex.

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Internal medullary lamina

A sheet of white matter that divides the thalamus into nuclei subgroups.

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Posterior Ventral Nucleus of Thalamus (PVNT)

A key thalamic nucleus receiving sensory information from the body (excluding the head).

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Post. communicating artery

Artery supplying blood to the thalamus and other regions.

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Medial Lemniscus

A pathway carrying conscious proprioceptive information and fine touch sensation.

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Lateral Geniculate Body

Part of the thalamus processing visual information.

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Spinal Lemniscus

A pathway carrying pain, temperature, and crude touch.

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Subarachnoid Space

The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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Subarachnoid Cisterns

Expansions of the subarachnoid space, named based on their location. They contain CSF and blood vessels.

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Cerebello-medullary Cistern

A subarachnoid cistern located between the cerebellum and the medulla, containing the vertebral and basilar arteries

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Pontine Cistern

A subarachnoid cistern located in front of the pons and medulla, containing the vertebral and basilar arteries.

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Interpeduncular Cistern

A subarachnoid cistern located in the interpeduncular fossa, containing arteries forming the circle of Willis. Traversed by cranial nerves III and IV.

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Lateral Fissure Cistern

An extension of the interpeduncular cistern, located in the lateral fissure. Contains the middle cerebral artery.

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Corpus Callosum Cistern

A subarachnoid cistern located along the callosal sulcus, containing the anterior cerebral artery.

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Dura Mater

The tough outer layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • Composed of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • CNS includes brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
  • PNS includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain: Cerebrum and cerebellum.
  • Brainstem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
  • Spinal cord: Extends from medulla oblongata to lumbar region.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs attached to cerebrum and brainstem.
  • Spinal nerves: 31 pairs attached to spinal cord.

Spinal Cord

  • External features: Length of 45cm in males and 42cm in females.
  • Length: Occupies upper 2/3 of vertebral canal.
  • Shape: Long, cylindrical, with 2 enlargements, cervical and lumbar.
  • Sulci (grooves): 6 external longitudinal grooves.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Parasympathetic (Cranio-sacral) part: Sections related to cranial nerves (3rd, 7th, 9th, 10th) and sacral spinal nerves (2nd, 3rd, 4th).
  • Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) part: Related to spinal nerves (1st thoracic to 3rd lumbar).

Spinal Cord Segments & Nerves

  • Divided into 31 segments. Each segment is connected to a pair of spinal nerves.
  • Segments are located higher than their corresponding vertebrae.
    • Cervical: C5 spine opposite to C6 segment
    • Thoracic: T3 spine opposite to T5 segment
    • Lumbar: T10 spine opposite to L1 segment
    • Sacral: T11 to L1 spine opposite to L2 to L5
    • Coccygeal: T12 and L1 spine opposite to S1 to S5 spinal segment
  • Spinal nerves emerge above their corresponding vertebra from C1 to C7, and below the corresponding vertebra in the remaining spinal nerves from T1.

Coverings (Spinal Meninges)

  • Surrounds the spinal cord, consists of 3 membranes: Pia, Arachnoid, and Dura maters.
  • Pia mater: Delicate membrane adhering to spinal cord, continuous through the foramen magnum.
  • Arachnoid mater: Delicate membrane between pia and dura maters, continuous with the foramen magnum.
  • Dura mater: Thick fibrous membrane, continuous with the foramen magnum.
  • Subarachnoid space: Between arachnoid & pia mater, which contains cerebrospinal fluid and spinal nerves.
  • Subdural space: Between dura and arachnoid, consists of thin film of serous fluid.
  • Epidural (extra-dural) space: Contains loose areolar tissue, fat and internal vertebral veins, which lies between dura and periosteum layer of vertebral canal.

Blood Supply, Venous Drainage, Spinal Cord Fixation

  • Arterial supply: One median trunk formed by union of 2 arteries. Leaves skull through foramen magnum to continue downt along the ant. median fissure supplying ant. 2/3 of spinal cord.
  • Venous drainage: 6 longitudinal venous channels drain by radicular vv.
  • Spinal cord fixation: Is divided into 31 segments, each segment is attached to a pair of spinal nerves and each nerve is attached to it segment by 2 roots.

Brain Stem

  • Medulla oblongata, Pons & Midbrain
  • Medulla oblongata: Lower most part of brain stem.
  • Pons: Middle part of brain stem lying between medulla & midbrain.
  • Midbrain: Located above the pons, smallest part of brain stem.
  • Structures forming the floor of the 4th ventricle.
  • Olfactory, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction.

Cerebellum

  • Largest part of hindbrain located in posterior cranial fossa.
  • 2 large lateral hemispheres, narrow median part called vermis, which are separated by deep fissures.
  • Superior and inferior surfaces.
  • Fissures (primary, posterolateral, horizontal).
  • It is associated with regulation of muscle tone and muscle coordination.

Cerebrum

  • 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by median longitudinal fissure.
  • 3 major sulci divides into 4 lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital.
  • Sulci and gyri are folds and ridges. The cerebral cortex is formed by layers of nerve cells.

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