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What type of corrosion primarily occurs in buried cast iron pipes?
What type of corrosion primarily occurs in buried cast iron pipes?
How does graphitic corrosion affect pipes?
How does graphitic corrosion affect pipes?
What type of stress and environment combination leads to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)?
What type of stress and environment combination leads to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)?
In Stress Corrosion Cracking, in what direction do cracks typically form?
In Stress Corrosion Cracking, in what direction do cracks typically form?
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What kind of stress can lead to Stress Corrosion Cracking?
What kind of stress can lead to Stress Corrosion Cracking?
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What can residual stress in Stress Corrosion Cracking be a result of?
What can residual stress in Stress Corrosion Cracking be a result of?
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What effect does the penetration of air into the soil have on corrosion rate?
What effect does the penetration of air into the soil have on corrosion rate?
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How does the corrosion rate in soil change with increasing salt and water content?
How does the corrosion rate in soil change with increasing salt and water content?
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What effect do bacteria have on the pH of soil?
What effect do bacteria have on the pH of soil?
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In which type of soil do bacteria change values to make it more aggressive and corrosive?
In which type of soil do bacteria change values to make it more aggressive and corrosive?
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How does the corrosion rate in soil change as the temperature of the soil rises?
How does the corrosion rate in soil change as the temperature of the soil rises?
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What is the role of aerobic microorganisms in soil corrosion?
What is the role of aerobic microorganisms in soil corrosion?
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What is the common form of metal oxidation?
What is the common form of metal oxidation?
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At what thickness is the oxide film called Pilling-Bedworth Ratio?
At what thickness is the oxide film called Pilling-Bedworth Ratio?
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What does Pilling-Bedworth ratio indicate when it is less than 1?
What does Pilling-Bedworth ratio indicate when it is less than 1?
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Why is an oxide film with a Pilling-Bedworth ratio of 1 considered protective?
Why is an oxide film with a Pilling-Bedworth ratio of 1 considered protective?
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What happens when the Pilling-Bedworth ratio is greater than 1?
What happens when the Pilling-Bedworth ratio is greater than 1?
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Which gas can act as an oxidizing agent according to the text?
Which gas can act as an oxidizing agent according to the text?
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Which metal has the highest corrosion rate in sea water?
Which metal has the highest corrosion rate in sea water?
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Where does corrosion rate decrease due to the thickness of the water layer and weakness of O2 diffusion?
Where does corrosion rate decrease due to the thickness of the water layer and weakness of O2 diffusion?
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Which metal has the lowest corrosion rate in a rural atmosphere?
Which metal has the lowest corrosion rate in a rural atmosphere?
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What is the primary factor affecting corrosion rate in moist regions?
What is the primary factor affecting corrosion rate in moist regions?
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What happens to the corrosion rate as the thickness of the water layer increases in underground corrosion?
What happens to the corrosion rate as the thickness of the water layer increases in underground corrosion?
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Which metal has the lowest corrosion rate in sea water?
Which metal has the lowest corrosion rate in sea water?
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What is Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)?
What is Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)?
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What causes Fretting Corrosion?
What causes Fretting Corrosion?
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What happens during the sliding movement in Fretting Corrosion?
What happens during the sliding movement in Fretting Corrosion?
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What role do the formed oxide particles play in Fretting Corrosion?
What role do the formed oxide particles play in Fretting Corrosion?
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How can Fretting Corrosion be prevented?
How can Fretting Corrosion be prevented?
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What is the role of oxygen in Fretting Corrosion?
What is the role of oxygen in Fretting Corrosion?
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Study Notes
Types of Corrosion in Buried Pipes
- Graphitic corrosion occurs predominantly in buried cast iron pipes, leading to the formation of graphite instead of iron.
- Graphitic corrosion can weaken the structural integrity of pipes, creating holes and reducing flow capacity.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
- SCC arises from a combination of tensile stress and a corrosive environment, significantly affecting metals like steel.
- Cracks in SCC typically develop in a direction parallel to the applied stress, making them often difficult to detect.
- Tensile stress, whether applied or residual, can instigate SCC.
- Residual stress in SCC can result from manufacturing processes, welding, or physical deformations.
Environmental Effects on Corrosion
- Penetration of air into soil can accelerate the corrosion rate by providing oxygen to oxidizing agents.
- Increasing salt and water content in soil generally elevates the corrosion rate due to enhanced conductivity and moisture retention.
- Bacteria can lower the pH of soil, creating a more acidic and corrosive environment, particularly in anaerobic conditions.
- In anaerobic, nutrient-rich soils, bacteria can create aggressive conditions that further exacerbate corrosion.
Temperature and Corrosion
- As soil temperature rises, corrosion rates typically increase due to higher electrochemical activity.
- Aerobic microorganisms in soil contribute to corrosion by producing aggressive metabolites, further lowering pH and enhancing reactions.
Metal Oxidation and Pilling-Bedworth Ratio
- Metal oxidation commonly manifests as the formation of an oxide film on metal surfaces.
- The Pilling-Bedworth ratio, which compares the volume of the oxide to the volume of the metal, is significant at a thickness less than 1.
- A Pilling-Bedworth ratio below 1 indicates non-protective oxide films that may lead to further corrosion.
- A ratio of exactly 1 signifies a potentially protective oxide layer, effectively preventing further oxidation.
- If the Pilling-Bedworth ratio exceeds 1, the oxide layer can spall, exposing the metal beneath and increasing corrosion risk.
Corrosion in Different Environments
- Oxygen acts as an oxidizing agent in many corrosion processes.
- The metal with the highest corrosion rate in seawater is typically magnesium.
- Corrosion rates decrease in deeper water layers due to increased thickness of the layer and limited oxygen diffusion.
- Aluminum usually has the lowest corrosion rate in a rural atmosphere, largely due to its protective oxide layer.
- Moist environments are primarily affected by moisture levels, which can accelerate corrosion processes.
- In underground corrosion, thicker water layers typically increase corrosion rates, creating a more conductive environment.
Fretting Corrosion
- Fretting corrosion is caused by mechanical wear due to micro-movements or vibrations between contact surfaces.
- During sliding movements in fretting corrosion, oxide films are disrupted, which can trigger localized corrosion attacks.
- Formed oxide particles in fretting corrosion act as abrasive contaminants, exacerbating wear and facilitating chemical reactions.
- Preventive measures for fretting corrosion include lubrication, material selection, and design modifications to reduce relative movement.
- Oxygen plays a critical role in fretting corrosion by promoting the oxidation of metal surfaces during disruption.
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Description
Learn about graphitic corrosion in buried cast iron pipes, its prevention methods, and the potential risks associated with this type of corrosion. Explore the causes of graphitic corrosion and how it can impact the structural integrity of pipes over time.