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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are classifications of joints based on motion?

  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What does Synarthrosis signify?

    No movement. Stability

    What does Amphiarthrosis signify?

    Little movement. Stability

    What does Diarthrosis signify?

    <p>Freely movable. Unstable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of joints are classified based on structural features?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Fibrous Joints characterized by?

    <p>Dense, regular collagenous connective tissue with no joint space. Synarthrosis or Amphiarthrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Cartilaginous Joints characterized by?

    <p>With cartilage. No joint space. Synarthrosis or Amphiarthrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Synovial Joints characterized by?

    <p>A layer of hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces and a fluid-filled cavity between articulating joints. Diarthrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Sutures?

    <p>Immovable joints between edges of bones in the cranium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Gomphoses?

    <p>Immovable joints between each tooth and socket in the jaw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Syndesmoses?

    <p>Joints between tibia &amp; fibula and ulna &amp; radius, joined by interosseous membrane or ligament; allows small movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the types of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Synchondroses?

    <p>Bones linked together by hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Symphyses?

    <p>Bones are united by a fibrocartilaginous pad or plug; allows little movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of synovial fluid?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is articular cartilage?

    <p>Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering exposed articulating bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a synovial joint?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a ligament connect?

    <p>Bone to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a tendon connect?

    <p>Muscle to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are synovial joints classified functionally?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gliding movements?

    <p>Sliding motion, nonaxial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are angular movements?

    <p>Increase or decrease an angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific types of angular movements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does flexion do?

    <p>Decreases angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extension do?

    <p>Increases angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperextension?

    <p>Extension beyond anatomical position of joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is abduction?

    <p>Movement away from midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adduction?

    <p>Movement towards midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes circumduction?

    <p>Distal bone moves in a cone-shaped motion around a fixed proximal bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rotation?

    <p>Non-angular motion where one bone rotates around its longitudinal axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered special movements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonaxial joints?

    <p>Joints that allow movement in one or more planes without moving around an axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are uniaxial joints?

    <p>Joints that allow motion around one axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biaxial joints?

    <p>Joints that allow motion around two axes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multiaxial joints?

    <p>Joints that allow motion around three axes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of synovial joints?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a plane joint?

    <p>Gliding joint between flat surfaces of two bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a hinge joint?

    <p>Convex articulating surface of one bone interacts with a concave depression of another bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a pivot joint?

    <p>Rounded end surface of one bone fits into a groove on another bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a condylar (ellipsoid) joint?

    <p>Biaxial joint where an oval, convex surface fits into a shallow concave surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a saddle joint?

    <p>Each bone's articulating surface has both concave and convex regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a ball and socket joint?

    <p>Multiaxial joint where a spherical bone fits into a cup-shaped depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints categorized by motion: Synarthrosis (no movement), Amphiarthrosis (limited movement), and Diarthrosis (freely movable).
    • Structural classification includes Fibrous joints (no joint space), Cartilaginous joints (cartilage, no joint space), and Synovial joints (joint space filled with fluid).

    Synarthrosis

    • Characterized by no movement and high stability.

    Amphiarthrosis

    • Allows slight movement while maintaining stability.

    Diarthrosis

    • Offers a wide range of movement but is less stable.

    Fibrous Joints

    • Composed mainly of dense, regular collagenous connective tissue with no joint space; can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Joints held together by cartilage, also lacking joint space; can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.

    Synovial Joints

    • Feature hyaline cartilage on the bone surface, a fluid-filled joint cavity, allowing for diarthrosis movements.

    Specific Types of Fibrous Joints

    • Sutures: Immovable joints in the skull that provide stability and protect the brain.
    • Gomphoses: Immovable joints between teeth and jaw, secured by the periodontal ligament.
    • Syndesmoses: Joints with slight movement, such as between tibia and fibula, joined by interosseous membranes.

    Cartilaginous Joint Types

    • Synchondroses: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage, allowing synarthrosis; important during growth (e.g., epiphyseal plates).
    • Symphyses: Fibrocartilaginous joints allowing amphiarthrosis, found in intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis.

    Synovial Fluid

    • A thick lubricant with three key functions:
      • Reduces friction.
      • Transports nutrients and waste in avascular joints.
      • Absorbs shock to distribute stress during movement.

    Articular Cartilage

    • Avascular layer covering the ends of bones in joints, reducing friction and wear.

    Synovial Joint Components

    • Include adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, contributing to joint function and stability.

    Ligaments and Tendons

    • Ligaments: Connective tissues linking bone to bone, providing strength and stability to joints.
    • Tendons: Connect muscle to bone; cross joints and stabilize during muscle contraction.

    Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

    • Bursae: Fluid-filled structures reducing friction in joints.
    • Tendon Sheaths: Protective enclosures around tendons as they move across joints.

    Functional Classes of Synovial Joints

    • Classified by axis of movement: Nonaxial (no axis), Uniaxial (one axis), Biaxial (two axes), and Multiaxial (three axes).

    Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

    • Gliding Movements: Nonaxial sliding actions.
    • Angular Movements: Affect joint angles, including flexion (decrease), extension (increase), and more.
    • Rotation: One bone rotates around its longitudinal axis.

    Special Joint Movements

    • Include opposition, reposition, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, and eversion, allowing complex actions.

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Plane Joints: Nonaxial gliding joints (e.g., between carpals).
    • Hinge Joints: Uniaxial joints allowing flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).
    • Pivot Joints: Uniaxial joints permitting rotation (e.g., between atlas and axis of spine).
    • Condylar (Ellipsoid) Joints: Biaxial joints allowing movement in two planes (e.g., metacarpals).
    • Saddle Joints: Biaxial with both concave and convex surfaces (e.g., thumb).
    • Ball and Socket Joints: Multiaxial joints (e.g., shoulder and hip).

    Specific Hinge Joints

    • Elbow: Stable with two articulations and reinforced by three strong ligaments.
    • Knee: Comprises various ligaments and menisci for stability and shock absorption.
    • Hip: Highly stable, supported by a complex structure of ligaments and a fibrocartilaginous labrum.

    Hip Joint Ligaments

    • Acetabular Labrum: Stabilizes femoral head.
    • Retinacular Fibers: Reinforce the joint capsule.
    • Iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral, and Pubofemoral Ligaments: Provide additional joint support and stability.

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