Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common effect of Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker?

Nausea

Constipation (correct)

Increased heart rate

Dizziness

Which contraindication is associated with Lisinopril?

Hypokalemia

Cardiogenic shock

Hyperkalemia (correct)

Acute kidney injury

What serious effect can occur with the use of Digoxin?

Euphoria

Increased appetite

Hypertension

Yellow halos in vision (correct)

What is the primary use of Milrinone?

Heart failure management Signup and view all the answers

What effect is commonly associated with Nitroglycerin?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction should be noted when administering Atorvastatin?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What administration guideline should be followed for Ezetimibe?

No food restrictions Signup and view all the answers

Which effect might indicate the need to reevaluate the use of Metoprolol?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using antihistamines?

Drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using Diltiazem?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Management of allergy and cold symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Dextromethorphan?

Less than 6 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route for Fluticasone?

Intranasal Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with Albuterol?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic INR range for Warfarin?

2-3 Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known to precipitate pulmonary toxicity?

Amiodarone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Furosemide (Lasix)?

Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should not be administered to patients with asthma due to its contraindications?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of Hydrochlorothiazide?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is typically combined with aspirin for its anti-platelet effect?

Clopidogrel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Montelukast?

Asthma prophylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most serious adverse effect of Warfarin?

Fatal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used for decreasing intracranial pressure?

Mannitol Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Medications

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl):
- Used for: allergies, colds, Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, and insomnia.
- Administration: take at night, avoid alcohol.
- Side effects: drowsiness, CNS stimulation (especially in children), dry mouth, tachycardia, and low blood pressure. Photosensitivity is also a possible side effect.
- Contraindicated in: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), glaucoma, and GI blockages.
Fluticasone:
- Used for: rhinitis, asthma, and nasal congestion.
- Administration: intranasal spray twice daily.
- Onset: 12 hours to 1 day
- Side effects: nasal irritation and nosebleeds.
Phenylephrine:
- Used for: constricting small blood vessels to drain secretions. Often combined with antihistamines.
Antitussives (Codeine and Hydrocodone):
- Used for: removing excess secretions and foreign objects, reducing a runny nose and postnasal drip.
Dextromethorphan:
- Used for: non-productive coughs.
- Side effects: drowsiness, headache, and stomach upset.
- Contraindicated in: children under 6 and those with chronic coughs.
Albuterol:
- Used for: short-term treatment of bronchospasm.
- Administration: short-term, rinse mouth after.
- Side effects: tachycardia, restlessness, and tremors.
- Contraindicated in individuals with serious heart conditions.

Other Medications

Ipratropium:
- Used for: severe asthma exacerbations
- Administration: inhaled or intranasal.
- Side effects: cough, dry nose, and hoarseness.
Methylxanthines:
- Used for: chronic Asthma management (bronchodilators)
- Effects: nausea and vomiting; CNS stimulation.
- Long-term use may not be responsive to beta agonists or corticosteroids
Corticosteroids:
- Used for: asthma management
- Administration: inhaled or oral administration.
Leukotriene Modifiers:
- Used for: asthma prophylaxis.
- Side effects: headache, cough, nasal congestion, and gastrointestinal upset (GI upset).
Montelukast:
- Used for: asthma prophylaxis, exercise-induced bronchospasm, and allergic rhinitis.
- Administration: taken orally 2 hours before exertion or activity.
- Side effects: headache, suicidal ideation, hallucinations and aggression, and depression.
Coagulation Modifiers (Heparin):
- Used for: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE); used to prevent blood clots.
- High-risk drug; two-nurse verification required, correct rate and dose important.
- Effects: bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
- Contraindicated in: current internal bleeding, recent trauma, and intracranial hemorrhage.
- Interactions with other anticoagulants, NSAIDs, aspirin, nicotine, digoxin, ginger, garlic, ginkgo, and green tea.
- Reversal agent: Protamine Sulfate.
Warfarin:
- Oral anticoagulant. Used for stroke and heart attack.
- INR Therapeutic range: 2-3
- Long term use is required in situations such as prosthetic heart valves.
- Contraindicated in: recent injuries involving blood or an active bleeding issue.
- Interactions: NSAIDs, antidepressants, steroids, vitamin K, and ginkgo.
- Reversal agent: Vitamin K
Clopidogrel:
- Anti-platelet medication. Used in situations like heart attacks, strokes and coronary bypass procedure.
Fibrinolytics (tPA/alteplase):
- Used for: Myocardial Infarction (MI), Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA), Pulmonary Embolism (PE), clearing IV catheters.
- Administered within 4 hours of stroke symptoms/clot formation.
Diuretics (Furosemide/Lasix):
- Used for: heart failure.
- Administration: intravenous or oral.
- Effects: hypokalemia, dehydration, low blood pressure, and ototoxicity.
Hydrochlorothiazide:
- Used for: high blood pressure, edema, and heart failure.
- Side effects: hyponatremia and hypokalemia
- Interactions: NSAIDs, Digoxin and Carbamazepine.
Spironolactone:
- Used for: mild hypertension and edema.
- administration: with food
- Side effects: hyperkalemia and gynecomastia.
- Interactions: Aspirin and ACE inhibitors (increase potassium).
Mannitol:
- Used for: reducing intracranial pressure in cerebral edema or maintained urine flow in prolonged surgeries or acute kidney injury.
Losartan (ARB):
- Used for: high blood pressure.
- Side effects: hypoglycemia, dizziness, angioedema, and acute kidney injury.
- Contraindications: fetal injury/death.
- Interactions: NSAIDs, potassium supplements, and other antihypertensives.
Clonidine:
- Used for: decreasing outflow of CNS to heart and arterioles.
- Side effects: hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lupus, and thrombocytopenia
Carvedilol:
- Used for: high blood pressure and decreasing heart failure.
- Contraindications: cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure.
ACE Inhibitors:
- Used for: high blood pressure, heart failure.
- Side effects: persistent cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia.
Hydralazine:
- Used for: high blood pressure and heart failure. It dilates blood vessels.
- Side effects: headache, reflex tachycardia, and flushing.
- Contraindications: angina, rheumatic mitral valve, and lupus.
Procainamide:
- Sodium channel blocker, and is used for abnormal heart rhythms.
- Side effects: hypotension, headache, and CNS effects. Black box warning: lupus-like syndrome, agranulocytosis, bone marrow suppression, and neutropenia / thrombocytopenia.
- Contraindications: AV blocks, heart failure
Propranolol:
- Beta blocker, used for high blood pressure, angina, and prevention of heart failure.
- Reduces portal hypertension, esophageal varices, tachycardia.
Amiodarone:
- Used for: various abnormal heart rhythms (V-tach, atrial dysrhythmias).
- Side effects: pulmonary toxicity, increased liver function tests (LFTs), and thyroid problems.
- Contraindications: bradycardia, AV block, and cardiogenic shock.
Verapamil:
- Used to stabilize abnormal heart rhythms.
- Side effects: headache, flushed skin, constipation, low blood pressure, and bradycardia
- Contraindications: heart blocks, and sick sinus syndrome.
Digoxin:
- Used for: certain types of abnormal atrial heart rhythms.
- Side effects: nausea, vomiting, headache, and visual disturbances.
Lisinopril:
- Used for heart failure and high blood pressure.
- Side effects: dry cough, angioedema, headache, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing).
Metoprolol:
- Used to decrease heart workload, heart rate, and helps in conditions such as angina and high blood pressure.
Digoxin:
- Used to treat certain irregular heartbeats.
- Side effects: potentially problematic side effects, potentially fatal if taken incorrectly.
- Interactions with other medications need to be taken into account.
Procainamide,
- Used to stop irregular heartbeats.
- Side effects: low blood pressure, headache, Central Nervous system (CNS) effects.
- Contraindications: abnormal heart block and heart failure.
Milrinone:
- Uses: to increase heart pumping strength, and is often used in cases of heart failure.
- Side effects: cardiac dysrhythmias and low blood pressure.
Nitroglycerin:
- Uses: to reduce or dilate blood vessels, often used to relieve angina (chest pain).
- Side Effects: low blood pressure, headache, and reflex tachycardia.
- Contraindications: low blood pressure, and increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
Diltiazem:
- Uses: to treat high blood pressure and chest pain. Can be used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
- Side effects: headache and lightheadedness
- Contraindications: AV heart blockage and sick sinus syndrome.
Atorvastatin:
- Uses: to reduce risk of heart attack or stroke in people with high cholesterol.
- Side Effects: gastrointestinal upset, rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).
- Contraindications: severe liver issues, and allergic reactions.
Cholestyramine:
- Used to lower cholesterol levels.
- Side effects: constipation, bloating, and gas.
- Contraindications: complete blockage of the bile duct.
Ezetimibe:
- Used to lower LDL ("bad" cholesterol) levels.
- Side effects: nasopharyngitis, muscle aches, upper respiratory infections, diarrhea.
Niacin:
- B-Complex Vitamin; used for lowering VLDL cholesterol.
- Side effects: redness of the skin, flushing, nausea, excess gas (flatulence), and diarrhea.
Decongestants:
- Used for: relieving nasal congestion.
- Side effects: increased blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, insomnia, and anxiety.
- Examples: pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.
Antihistamines:
- Used to treat allergic reactions.
- Short-acting and sedating.
- Long-acting are non-sedating.
Expectorants:
- Used for: thinning bronchial secretions.