Year 8 Science Exam Revision 2024

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Questions and Answers

What is one key role of natural flora in human health?

  • They assist in digestion. (correct)
  • They act as pathogens.
  • They produce harmful toxins.
  • They cause infections.

Which statement correctly describes the differences between natural flora and pathogens?

  • Both can cause infections.
  • Natural flora are harmful in all circumstances.
  • Natural flora promote health while pathogens typically cause disease. (correct)
  • Both are essential for human health.

What major problem is associated with the overuse of antibiotics?

  • Reduction in viral infections.
  • Increased natural flora diversity.
  • Enhanced immune response.
  • Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (correct)

Which organ is NOT part of the digestive system?

<p>Trachea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the alveoli serve in the respiratory system?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of asthma?

<p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nephrons in the excretory system?

<p>To filter blood and form urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about electron microscopes is true?

<p>They utilize electrons to create an image (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for energy production?

<p>Mitochondrion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which bacteria reproduce?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the cell theory?

<p>Cells can arise spontaneously from non-living matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'surface area to volume ratio' indicate?

<p>The ability of a cell to take in nutrients and expel waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>They lack membrane-bound organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of stomata in plants?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis and transpiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chemical change from a physical change?

<p>Chemical changes result in new substances, while physical changes do not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a compound?

<p>A pure substance made of two or more different elements bonded together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of atomic structure, what does the atomic number represent?

<p>The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

<p>To lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which change of state is demonstrated when water transforms into vapor?

<p>Vaporisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme?

<p>A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

<p>Dissolving sugar in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cell theory?

<p>The concept that all living things are composed of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is responsible for controlling what enters and exits the cell?

<p>Cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondrion in a cell?

<p>Energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?

<p>Electron microscopes provide higher magnification and resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of proteins?

<p>Ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'surface area to volume ratio' describe?

<p>The effect of cell size on nutrient uptake and waste removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope is best suited for viewing live specimens?

<p>Compound light microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main benefit of natural flora to human health?

<p>They help in digestion and nutrient absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does chlorophyll play in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of pathogens?

<p>They cause diseases in organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue associated with the overuse of antibiotics?

<p>Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the structures of organs in the digestive system relate to their functions?

<p>Different organs are specialized for specific digestion processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange between air and blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common malfunction of the digestive system?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from asthma?

<p>Asthma is characterized by airway obstruction, while COPD involves long-term damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of red blood cells?

<p>To transport oxygen to body tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a molecule and a compound?

<p>A molecule can consist of single or multiple types of atoms, while a compound must consist of at least two different types of atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines a physical change?

<p>It involves a change in state without altering chemical composition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accurately describes collision theory in the context of chemical reactions?

<p>Reactants must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation to produce products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a substance that is composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together?

<p>Compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

<p>They enhance the rate of reactions by lowering activation energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best differentiates between a physical change and a chemical change?

<p>Physical changes involve changes in state, while chemical changes create new substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT typically increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

<p>Lower pressure in gaseous reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major component of the periodic table that distinguishes between elements?

<p>The atomic number of the elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Flora vs. Pathogens

Natural flora are helpful bacteria living in our bodies. Pathogens are harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease.

Penicillin Discovery

Penicillin, a powerful antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Antibiotic Overuse Problems

Overusing antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb.

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Peristalsis

The rhythmic muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

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Chyme

The semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach.

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Villi

Tiny, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

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Digestive System Organs

Organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver which work together to process food.

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Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The relationship between the surface area of a cell and its volume. A smaller cell generally has a higher surface area to volume ratio which is important for effective exchange of materials.

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Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to magnify images. It has much higher magnification and resolving power than light microscopes.

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Compound Light Microscope

A microscope that uses light and lenses to magnify images, enabling viewing of cells and other microorganisms.

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Cell Membrane

Outer layer of a cell which controls what goes in and out maintaining homeostasis.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, producing energy for cellular activities.

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Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis happens. Captures sunlight to make sugars.

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Ribosome

Small organelle that makes proteins.

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Physical Change

A change in the physical properties of a substance, without changing its chemical composition.

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Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of new substances with different properties.

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Chemical Reaction

A process where substances (reactants) rearrange to form new substances (products).

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Reactants

Substances that undergo a chemical change.

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Products

Substances formed in a chemical reaction.

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Collision Theory

Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide to react effectively.

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Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed itself.

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Natural Flora

Beneficial microorganisms that live naturally in our bodies, such as bacteria in the gut, helping with digestion and immune system function.

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Pathogens

Harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, or fungi that can cause diseases.

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Antibiotic Overuse

Taking antibiotics too often or for too long, leading to bacteria becoming resistant to those antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

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Electron Microscope vs. Light Microscope

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to magnify images, providing much higher resolution and magnification than light microscopes, which use light and lenses.

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Organelles - Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria are responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Organelles - Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells, chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

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Organelles - Ribosomes

Small organelles responsible for protein synthesis, reading instructions from DNA to build proteins.

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Binary Fission

The process of asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons.

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Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. It is made up of only one type of atom.

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Compound

A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

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Molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Study Notes

Year 8 Science Exam Revision 2024

  • Exam date: See Exam Timetable
  • Topics covered: Term 3: Cells, Body Systems; Term 4: Physical and Chemical Changes
  • Exam duration: 60 minutes (5 minutes reading time)
  • Equipment required: Black/blue pen, pencil, eraser, ruler

Content

  • Examination format: Multiple choice, short answer, and extended response questions
  • Revision guidelines:
    • Students should print and complete a study timetable to schedule dedicated study time for each subject
    • Use "Key areas" and "You should be able to" sections to create summaries for each topic
      • Summaries should include key definitions/glossary words, diagrams with labels, helpful hints & simple explanations of important concepts
    • Complete revision questions as practice
    • Utilize previous topic tests/revision sheets for further review
    • Use online program Quizlet for online learning and collaboration with peers

Term 3: Cells

  • Key areas: Cell Theory, Plant and Animal Cells, Microscopes, Organelles, Bacteria and Fungal Cells
  • Glossary terms: Binary fission, Binocular, Cell, Cell membrane, Cell theory, Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Compound light microscope, Cytoplasm, DNA, Electron microscope, Eukaryotic cell, Eyepiece, Infectious disease, Microbes, Microbiology, Micro-organism, Microscope, Microscopy, Mitochondrion, Monocular, Multicellular, Natural flora, Nucleus, Objective lens, Organelle, Pathogen, Photosynthesis, Prokaryotic cell, Ribosome, Single-celled, Stain, Stereomicroscope, Surface area to volume ratio, Symptoms, Unicellular
  • Learning intentions:
    • Explain cell theory concepts & surface area to volume ratio
    • Compare/contrast electron & light microscopes, and stereomicroscopes & compound light microscopes
    • Calculate magnification & focus compound light microscopes
    • Describe functions of cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, & vesicles
    • Describe key differences between natural flora & pathogens
    • Explain benefits of natural flora to human health
    • Detail penicillin's development & problems associated with antibiotic overuse

Term 3: Body Systems

  • Key areas: Cells, organs, tissues, Digestive System, Respiratory System, Circulatory System, Excretory System, System Issues, Plant Systems
  • Glossary terms: Abomasum, Alveoli, Amino acids, Ammonia, Aorta, Arterioles, Artery, Artia, Asthma, Blood, Blood vessel, Bronchi, Caecum, Capillary, Cellular respiration, Chlorophyll, Chyme, Connective tissue, Diaphragm, Diarrhoea, Digestion, Emphysema, Epiglottis, Epithelial tissue, Gallstone, Gluten intolerant, Metabolism, Muscle tissue, Nephrons, Nervous tissue, Omasum, Organ, Osmosis, Peristalsis, Pharynx, Phloem, Plasma, Platelets, Pneumonia, Red blood cell, Reticulum, Roots, Rumen, Stem, System, Trachea, Transpiration, Ulcer, Ultrasound, Urea, Vascular bundle, Vein, Ventricles, Villi, White blood cell, Xylem
  • Learning intentions:
    • Describe relationships between cells, tissues, organs, and body systems
    • Define digestion, peristalsis, chyme, villi, & chemical/physical digestion
    • List main organs of the digestive system
    • Compare digestive systems across different animals
    • Relate digestive organ structure to function
    • Describe malfunctions and related diseases of digestive system
    • Identify respiratory system organs & structures (trachea, bronchi, lungs, & diaphragm)
    • Describe symptoms of asthma, emphysema, & pneumonia
    • Explain how Ventolin treats asthma
    • Explain respiratory system diseases
    • Identify circulatory system organs & structures & their functions (capillaries, & veins)
    • Describe blood components and functions
    • Describe symptoms and causes of circulatory diseases
    • Identify excretory system organs (kidneys, skin, bladder, liver) and nephron structure
    • Describe plant tissue structure and function (stems, leaves, roots, xylem, phloem)
    • Explain stomata's role in transpiration and photosynthesis

Term 4: Physical and Chemical Change

  • Key areas: Atoms and elements, Bonding, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Reaction Rates
  • Glossary terms: Atom, Boiling point, Catalyst, Chemical reaction, Collision theory, Combustion, Compound, Concentration, Condense, Diatomic molecule, Enzyme, Group, Lattice, Melt, Mixture, Molecular compound, Molecular element, Molecule, Monatomic, Period, Periodic Table, Polymer, Product, Pure substance, Reactant, Sublimation, Vaporise, Vapour, Volatile
  • Learning intentions:
    • Define and describe periodic table features (periods, groups, elements, monatomic gases, & diatomic gases)
    • Relate atomic/mass numbers to subatomic particles
    • Define/describe molecules, compounds, bonded molecules, molecular elements, and polymers
    • Explain differences between element, molecule, compound, and mixture
    • Describe vaporizing, vapor, fumes, volatile, boiling, condensing, melting, & sublimation
    • Explain physical vs. chemical change
    • Provide examples of physical & chemical changes
    • Define chemical reaction (reactants and products)
    • Explain collision theory, concentration, and catalysts and enzymes
    • How to compare and contrast enzymes and catalysts
    • Explain factors that affect reaction rate
    • Identify how chemical reactions are used in everyday life
    • Describe examples of everyday experiments
    • Classify recycling plastic as physical or chemical changes
    • Explain benefits of recycling

Revision Timetable:

  • A blank timetable is provided for scheduling study sessions.

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