Year 8 Geography Revision

Population

• Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular area.
• Population density is the number of people living per unit of area per square kilometre.
• Population distribution is the pattern of where people live, whether they are spread out evenly or concentrated in certain areas.
• Life expectancy is the expected length of life.
• Population structure refers to the composition of a population, often shown in terms of age and gender.

Age and Population

• Ageing population refers to the number of old people or elderly in a population.
• Young population refers to the number of young people (usually under 15) living in a place.

Birth and Death Rates

• Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
• Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
• Natural increase is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, indicating population growth when births exceed deaths.

Historical Context

• Hunter-gatherers were early humans who lived by hunting animals and gathering plants for food.
• Industrial revolution was a period of time during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that made the world more modern and drastically increased the population.
• Farming began around 10,000 BC when humans settled to more agricultural communities.

Population and Environment

• Sparsely populated areas have a low population density, while densely populated areas have a high population density.
• Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in an area over time.
• MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) has a high level of economic development and a high standard of living, while LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) has a lower level of economic development and standard of living.
• Resources are natural materials that are used by humans, such as water, minerals, and forests.
• Sustainable refers to something that can be maintained and will not harm the environment long-term.

Environmental Issues

• Acid rain is polluted rain that harms the environment.
• Global warming is the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases.

Urbanisation

• Urban area is a city or town with many buildings and people.
• Rural area is a countryside region with few buildings and people.
• Urbanisation is the process of people moving from rural to urban places.
• Slums are overcrowded, poor areas with poor housing and services.
• Push factors are negative aspects, conditions, or wars that cause people to leave a place.
• Pull factors are positive aspects, conditions, or high-paying jobs that cause people to move to a place.

Masdar City

• Masdar City is a planned project in Abu Dhabi, UAE, designed to be a hub for clean technology, eco-friendly resources, and renewable energy.

Coasts

• Coasts are the land next to the ocean or sea.
• Fetch is the distance over water that the wind blows in a single direction, generating waves.
• Waves are the movement of the sea's surface caused by wind.
• Uprush is the movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks.
• Backwash is the movement of water back down the beach toward the sea after a wave has broken.
• Swash is the movement of waves washing up onto the beach.
• Tides are the regular rise and fall of the sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon.
• High tide is a tide when the water is at its highest level.
• Low tide is a tide when the water is at its lowest level.
• Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide.
• Erode refers to the process of wearing away material from the earth's surface by natural forces such as wind or water.
• Deposit refers to the process of adding sediments, soil, and rocks to a landform or land mass.
• Transport refers to the movement of materials from one place to another by water or wind.
• Erode: Attrition is when rocks and pebbles collide and break into smaller pieces.
• Erode: Abrasion is erosion caused by the scraping or wearing away of the earth's surface by materials carried by wind, water, or ice.
• Erode: Hydraulic action is erosion that occurs when water rubs against a rock surface, producing mechanical weathering.