Untitled Quiz

The functional unit of the kidney.

The rate at which blood is filtered in the glomerulus.

Presence of detectable amounts of protein in urine.

Tests used to assess the health of the kidneys.

Process where substances except cells and large molecules pass into nephron sections.

Process of reabsorbing substances from the filtrate back into the blood.

Kidney disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.

Kidney disorder characterized by hematuria, oliguria, azotemia, and hypertension.

A positive nitrite test suggests significant bacterial presence in urine, often due to Gram-negative rods like E. coli. A negative test doesn't rule out bacteria.

Conjugated bilirubin appears in urine when bile duct function is obstructed or liver integrity is damaged (e.g., cholestasis, hepatitis).

A high ratio can suggest acute hepatic porphyria in abdominal pain patients.

Ketones, byproducts of fat metabolism (Acetone, Acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid), appear in urine during starvation or excessive carbohydrate loss.

Ascorbic acid can cause false negative results in urine tests for glucose, haemoglobin, nitrite, and bilirubin by interfering with the test process.

Urine pH is usually between 4.6 and 8.0, with an average of 6.0. Diet and metabolism affect pH.

Alkaline urine is associated with alkalemia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and diets high in citrus fruits or vegetables.

Acidic urine is associated with acidemia, starvation, dehydration, and diets high in meat products.

Crystals like calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, and amorphous phosphate precipitate and form stones when urine has high alkalinity.

Crystals like calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and amorphous urate precipitate and form stones when urine is acidic.

Kidneys maintain body pH by conserving bicarbonate (HCO3−) and removing metabolic acids.

The kidney regenerates filtered bicarbonate by combining it with hydrogen ions (H+) in renal tubules, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3), then converting it back to carbon dioxide and water.

Approximately 80% of filtered sodium is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, coupled with chloride and water.

20-25% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, along with chloride and water, using a specific transporter.

A transporter in the loop of Henle that actively reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride.

Potassium (K+) is recycled from the lumen of the loop of Henle back into the reabsorptive pathway via a channel.

An autosomal recessive disorder causing salt loss, leading to low/normal blood pressure.

An autosomal recessive disorder causing renal potassium wasting and hypokalemia.

Mostly regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and ACTH.

Rare inherited syndrome causing mineralocorticoid resistance, resulting in salt loss, low BP, high potassium.

A rare autosomal dominant syndrome, causing impaired ion handling in distal nephron, leading to high potassium and high blood pressure.

A mutation increasing ENaC activity, causing high sodium reabsorption and potassium/hydrogen loss.

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and indirectly chloride reabsorption in distal tubules.

Aldosterone regulates sodium uptake, which drives potassium and hydrogen secretion in the collecting duct.

Epithelial sodium channel responsible for sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, regulated by aldosterone.

A genetic disorder causing reduced sodium reabsorption due to mutations inactivating ENaC, leading to salt wasting and hypokalemia.

Licorice contains substances that inhibit 11β-HSD, causing cortisol to act like aldosterone, leading to hypertension and hypokalemia.

Hormones and other substances that influence sodium reabsorption in kidney tubules, including angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ANP.

Catecholamines primarily affect sodium reabsorption by influencing renal blood flow, indirectly affecting sodium reabsorption.

Salt content is the main determinant of extracellular volume, as it influences the release of ADH.

Low potassium levels can result from intracellular shifts, reduced intake, or increased loss.

Ammonia (NH3) is produced in the renal tubules through glutamine deamination, reacting with H+ to form NH4+ for excretion.

An enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia (NH3) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

A measure of urine density compared to water. A higher SG indicates concentrated urine, a lower SG dilute urine.

A device used to measure specific gravity of urine. It's a weighted float designed to sink to a specific level in distilled water based on the urine's density

Collections of proteins, cells, and debris formed in the tubules of the kidneys. They can indicate kidney damage or disease.

A type of cast made mainly of protein. It's often found in normal urine but in larger amounts can suggest kidney disease.

A cast containing red blood cells, indicating bleeding in the kidney tubules. Can be a sign of kidney inflammation or damage.

Crystals in urine that can indicate high uric acid levels, often associated with gout.

Crystals in urine shaped like envelopes. Can be caused by high oxalate levels, a condition linked to genetic predisposition and high ascorbic acid intake.