Emotions Content
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Questions and Answers

Prior to the 1960s, what was the study of emotion like?

There was little interest in emotions and the study of emotion. Behaviorism was popular, meaning the focus of theorists and researchers was observable behaviors. Emotion was not considered observable and, therefore, unable to be studied.

Which of the following researchers is credited with work on infant attachment and how emotion is important?

  • John Bowlby (correct)
  • John Campos
  • Paul Ekman
  • Lazarus

What is the area of study known as ethology, and which researcher is associated with this?

Ethology is the study of people in the real world. Eible Eibesfeldt discovered that emotions tend to look similar across cultures and environments.

How did Ekman develop his coding system to map facial expressions?

<p>Ekman spent 4 years having his own face electrically stimulated and videotaped. He used this method to map emotions and the facial muscles related to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the 9 attributes commonly present across genuine emotions?

<p>Unconscious (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main theories of emotion?

<p>Lazarus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the James-Lange Theory?

<p>The James-Lange Theory suggests that physiological arousal occurs before an emotion is experienced. The emotion is then a result of the physiological experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the Cannon-Bard Theory?

<p>The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. This theory argues that we don't need physical changes to feel emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory?

<p>The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory suggests that emotions result from the combination of arousal and appraisal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physiological response measured in emotion research?

<p>Brain activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for calming the body and slowing down heart rate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vagus nerve is responsible for helping the body calm down.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a mood and an emotion, and how does this relate to emotions like happiness and joy?

<p>Emotions are brief and related to a specific cause or situation, whereas moods are longer-lasting and often have no identifiable cause. Happiness is often considered a mood, while joy is more likely to be an emotion, triggered by specific, positive experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions?

<p>The broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions help us expand our awareness, explore new possibilities, and build resources. They can lead to more resilience and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main categories of emotion regulation strategies, according to Gross' model?

<p>Gross' model identifies three main categories of emotion regulation: situation-focused, cognition-focused, and response-focused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the high road and the low road of emotion processing, and how does this relate to the speed of emotional responses?

<p>The high road involves conscious processing through the cortex, leading to more thoughtful and deliberate responses. The low road is a faster, unconscious route that bypasses the cortex, resulting in quicker, more instinctive responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of infra-humanization and how it can be related to prejudice and violence.

<p>Infra-humanization is the tendency to perceive others as less human, often denying them their moral emotions like compassion and shame. This can lead to prejudice and violence against these groups, making it easier to dehumanize them and justify their mistreatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are self-conscious emotions, and how do they differ from basic emotions?

<p>Self-conscious emotions, like pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment, are tied to our sense of self, social standing, and moral standards. They require self-reflection and a sense of our own behavior in relation to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key idea of the hostile attribution bias and how it relates to anger and aggression.

<p>Hostile attribution bias (HAB) is the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations or behaviors of others as intentionally hostile or aggressive. This can lead to increased anger and aggression towards those perceived as hostile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'emotion regulation', and why is it important?

<p>Emotion regulation is the ability to manage and control our emotions, adjusting their intensity, duration, and expression in response to different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main categories of emotion regulation strategies in Gross' model?

<p>Gross' model identifies three main categories of emotion regulation: situation-focused, cognition-focused, and response-focused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key factors that influence the development of emotion regulation in children?

<p>Early experiences, particularly parental warmth and affection, play a crucial role in shaping a child's ability to regulate their emotions. The home environment and social interactions also contribute significantly to a child's development of emotion regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural differences affect emotion regulation?

<p>Different cultures often have different norms and values regarding the expression and regulation of emotions. It's important to be mindful of these cultural differences to avoid misinterpretations and promote understanding across cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of emotion relevant across disciplines?

<p>Emotion is fundamental to human experience and plays a vital role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and decisions. It is therefore relevant to a wide range of disciplines, from psychology to marketing, neuroscience to law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key areas of research that are currently expanding our understanding of emotion?

<p>Areas of active research in emotion include: the neurobiology of emotion, the role of culture in shaping emotion, the impact of emotion on cognition and behavior, and the development of emotion regulation strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolution of emotion study

The study of emotion has changed over time, evolving from views that emotions may be harmful to modern perspectives emphasizing their role in shaping our behaviors, relationships, and motivations.

Aristotle's contribution to emotion

Aristotle believed emotions are intertwined with actions and that moderation is key to a balanced life.

Freud's view of emotion

Freud believed emotions are central to psychological disorders and require civilization's constraints.

Early behavioral/cognitive approaches toemotion

These approaches highlight behavior, facial expressions, body language, and the appraisal of internal/external environment as core components of emotion.

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Emotion study interest (pre-1960s)

Prior to the 1960s, emotion and the study of emotion were not prominent. Behaviorism dominated, focusing on observable behaviors instead.

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Emotion study interest (1960s-on)

The 1960s and 70s saw increased interest in studying emotion and the mind, including aspects like memory and perception.

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Infancy and emotion research

Research into the emotions of infants, like the work of John Campos, examines how emotion develops early in child life.

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Attachment and emotion

Research on attachment by John Bowlby highlighted the significance of emotions in forming and maintaining relationships, particularly during infants' development.

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Neuroscience and emotion

Neuroscience research, like that of Gazzaniga, explores how emotion and brain function, as demonstrated by patients with severed corpus callosums, interact.

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Cognitive psychology and emotion

Cognitive psychology's role in emotion study is understanding emotional impacts on different processes like memory, decision making and perceptions.

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Stress and emotion research

Lazarus's stress research underscores the need to understand emotions to fully grasp stress responses.

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Ethology and emotion

Ethology, the study of human behavior in real-world settings, contributes to understanding the universality of emotions.

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Facial expressions and emotion

Ekman's research developed a coding system for mapping facial expressions to specific emotions, showing universality in emotional displays.

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9 attributes of emotion (Ekman)

Ekman's 9 characteristics define emotion: brief, involuntary, universal across species, appraisal-based, quick onset, coherent, face/body signaling, universal antecedents, and physiology.

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Basic emotions

Emotions with a clear biological basis, seen early in development. Examples include anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.

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Complex emotions

Emotions that are a combination of basic emotions. For example, jealousy is a mix of fear and anger.

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Emotion families

Grouping emotions based on shared characteristics (e.g., anger family includes irritation, rage, frustration).

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Emotion theories

Different perspectives on how and why emotions are experienced.

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James-Lange theory

Physiological response precedes the experience of emotion, the emotion resulting from the physical response.

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Cannon-Bard theory

Emotion and physiological response occur simultaneously.

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Schachter-Singer theory

Emotions are a product of both arousal and appraisal/interpretations of the environment.

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Emotion vs. mood

Emotions are brief, reaction-based responses, whereas moods are longer-lasting, with no clear trigger

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Emotion vs. sensation

Emotions are linked to self-identity, whereas sensations are basic responses that don't have personal meaning

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Emotion vs. trait

Emotions are short responses to specific situations, while traits are consistent patterns of emotions.

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Emotion vs. sentiment

Sentiments are ongoing beliefs/feelings about something(like 'I like pizza'), while emotions are specific reactions to an event(like 'I was hungry').

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Evolutionary theory

A theory that posits emotions evolved to help us survive and reproduce, and that these responses are tied to selection pressures in the environment.

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Gene replication (Evolutionary theory)

The theory suggests our actions are primarily designed to increase the chance of our genes surviving and reproducing by caring for and protecting our offspring and supporting relatives.

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Selection pressures (Evolutionary theory)

The environmental factors affecting an organism's survival and reproduction, posing threats and pressures to respond to survive and reproduce.

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Natural selection

Evolving mechanisms around environmental features we are designed to avoid (e.g., pain, natural disasters).

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Study Notes

Module 1 Introduction

  • This module focuses on the evolution of knowledge and study of emotion.
  • Early theorists and their differing views on emotions are examined.
  • The module also presents the research and approaches to studying emotions, including the current definition of emotion that will be used throughout the course.
  • Learning outcomes include familiarity with various emotion theories and the attributes of emotions.

Content - Introduction

  • Early work argued that emotions are detrimental.
  • Philosophers and theorists encouraged the removal of emotions.
  • Later work emphasized unifying the mind and morals.
  • Aristotle advocated moderation for mind and moral behavior.
  • Nietzsche, in his writing about the "superman," worried that compassion might hinder the path toward a superior being.
  • Freud suggested that emotions were constrained by civilization and a key component of psychological disorders.
  • Aristotle connected emotions with actions.
  • Early behavioral and cognitive perspectives focused on the connection of emotion to behaviour, facial expression, body movements and the evaluation of internal and external environments.

Module 2 Introduction

  • Part 1 of Module 2 provides an overview of the different theories and criteria for an emotion experience, based on Dr. Paul Ekman's model.
  • Overview of significant emotion-related areas of study.
  • Learning outcomes include understanding basic emotions, complex emotions, and emotion families.
  • Different theories of emotion and controversies among them are expounded.

Module 3 Introduction

  • The module continues the discussion on identifying emotion and emotion characteristics.
  • Clarifies the definitions of emotion and distinguishes it from other related experiences, such as mood, sensation, traits and sentiments.
  • A critical review relating emotion to evolutionary concepts.
  • Learning outcomes cover differentiating emotion from mood, sensation, trait, and sentiment.

Module 4 Introduction

  • The module focuses on the physiological and neurological aspects of emotion.
  • It includes a discussion on different physiological responses and locations related to emotional experiences.

Module 5: Affective Neuroscience

  • Examining the neurological processes related to emotion.
  • This module will cover specific brain structures and functions important to emotion.

Module 6: Emotion Development and Cultural Characteristics

  • The module focuses on the emergence of emotion and how it develops, along with the developmental factors impacting expression and experiences of emotions.
  • The module reviews the impact of age and cultural factors on emotions.

Module 7: Personality, Communication, Appraisal

  • This module examines the relationship between personality and emotional experience.
  • The module explores the process of appraisal in relation to emotion, and how this process connects to communication regarding emotions.
  • Core relational themes for emotions are examined.

Module 8: Negative & Self-Conscious Emotions

  • The module deals with negative emotions and how these experiences can lead to avoidance.
  • Key elements in the emotion process regarding negative emotions.
  • The module also explores self-conscious emotions, such as pride, guilt, shame and embarrassment.

Module 9: Positive Emotions and Emotion Regulation

  • This module explores positive emotions, and covers the current research on positive emotions along with emotion regulation.

Module 10: The Study of Emotion: Interesting Emotion Projects

  • This module provides an overview of topics related to the study of emotion.
  • A review of various methods for studying emotion, and projects.

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