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Questions and Answers
What term describes the way you feel about your body?
Which of the following statements about cultural perceptions of disorders is true?
What is one of the main aims of Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey?
Which side is NOT one of the four sides of Te Whare Tapa Whā?
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What is the primary focus of body positivity?
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Which philosopher argued that man is by nature good and that institutions corrupt him?
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What does the id represent in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What role does the ego play in Freud's model of personality?
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What is one benefit of drawing for children in interviews?
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What theory supports the development of imaginary friends in children?
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According to Freud, which component of the personality contains traditional values and ideals of society?
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In the context of social psychology, what do dialogues and debates facilitate?
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What are the stages that children go through in their drawing development?
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In the context of child witnesses, what dilemma is often presented?
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What does the pleasure principle associated with the id entail?
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Which of the following statements is NOT reflective of effective interview techniques with children?
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What is the primary focus of Hobbes' view of human nature?
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How do gender-neutral parents typically influence their children's attitudes and behaviors?
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Which component of Freud's theory is described as having no contact with the outer world and functioning unconsciously?
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In legal settings, what is typically the first step in the examination of child witnesses?
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What is a common misconception about children's drawings and their communication?
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What psychological complex arises when a male child develops feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival?
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What does Freud suggest as the consequence of harsh toilet training on personality?
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How do children typically resolve the conflicts of the phallic stage according to Freud?
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What is the primary issue that girls face during the phallic stage according to Freud?
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What can result from extremely lax toilet training, as per Freudian theory?
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What is an attitude as defined in the content?
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What term describes the guilt and fear experienced by a boy regarding his father during the phallic stage?
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During which stage do children derive pleasure from their sexual organs according to Freudian theory?
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What characteristic distinguishes Type I bipolar disorder from Type II bipolar disorder?
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Which cognitive distortion is most commonly associated with depressed individuals according to Beck's theory?
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In the context of substance abuse, which reason is a common factor for young people using substances?
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What does the cognitive triad in Beck's theory of depression focus on?
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Which of the following is an indication of memory sensitivity in depressed individuals?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Social Psychology
- Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.
- Rousseau argued that humans are innately good, and society corrupts them. He believed that government should reflect the will of the people.
- Hobbes argued that humans are inherently selfish and aggressive. He believed that governments should exert strong control over people's lives to curb their instincts.
- Dialogues and debates in social psychology are valuable for exploring diverse perspectives and fostering ongoing knowledge development.
Approaches to Social Theorizing
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Social psychology utilizes various approaches to theorizing:
- Social cognition: focuses on how people process information about the social world.
- Social learning: emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in shaping behavior.
- Social identity: examines how people's sense of belonging to groups influences their behavior.
- Social constructionism: explores how social meanings and realities are created through shared understandings.
- Evolutionary psychology: applies evolutionary principles to understand human behavior.
Levels of Explanation in Social Psychology
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Social psychology operates within multiple levels of analysis:
- Intrapersonal: examines individual psychological processes, such as attitudes, beliefs, and emotions.
- Interpersonal: focuses on interactions between two or more people, including communication, conflict, and cooperation.
- Group: explores how individuals behave within groups, including group dynamics, leadership, and conformity.
- Societal: considers the impact of social forces and structures on individual behavior and society as a whole.
Freud & Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.
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Key tenets of psychoanalysis:
- Unconscious mind: a vast reservoir of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are outside of conscious awareness.
- Defense mechanisms: unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety.
- Psychosexual stages: developmental stages characterized by a focus on specific erogenous zones.
Core Concepts in Psychoanalysis
- The Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs.
- The Ego is the mediator between the Id and the Superego, operating on the reality principle to find acceptable ways to fulfill desires.
- The Superego represents internalized moral standards and societal values.
- The Phallic Stage is a crucial phase in psychosexual development (ages 3-6) where children develop feelings of love for the opposite-sex parent and hostility towards the same-sex parent.
- The Oedipus Complex (for boys) and Electra Complex (for girls) refer to these complex emotional desires and conflicts.
- The Latency Stage (ages 6-12) is a period of sexual dormancy.
- The Genital Stage (adolescence) marks the reemergence of sexual urges directed towards others, often focused on romantic relationships.
Experimental Evidence
- Experimental evidence has provided support for some of Freud's ideas, while challenging others.
- Freud's theories continue to influence psychological thought and practice.
Attitude & Attitude Change
- An attitude is a positive or negative evaluation of a person, object, or idea.
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Three components of attitude:
- Cognitive: Beliefs and thoughts about an attitude object.
- Affective: Feelings and emotions associated with an attitude object.
- Behavioral: Tendencies to act in a certain way towards an attitude object.
Children's Drawing
- Children's drawings can reveal their understanding of the world and their emotional state.
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Developmental Stages of Drawing:
- Scribbling stage: random marks, often resembling lines and circles.
- Preschematic stage: simple shapes and lines, often representing people and objects.
- Schematic stage: more detailed drawings, including recognizable features.
- Realistic stage: more accurate and complex representations of objects and scenes.
- Realistic and individualized stage: highly detailed drawings, showing personal style and expression.
Clinical Values
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Drawing can be used as a clinical tool:
- To assess children's developmental progress.
- To help children communicate their feelings and experiences.
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Drawing can have several benefits:
- Increases the length of interviews.
- Reduces social barriers.
- Provides children with retrieval cues to access memories.
Children as Witnesses
- Children are often vulnerable witnesses, especially in cases of sexual abuse.
- Leading questions and repeated questioning can affect children's memories and lead to false accusations.
- The McMartin Preschool Case and Peter Ellis Case illustrate the risks of suggestive questioning.
- The New Zealand legal system has specific procedures for handling child witness testimony.
Imaginary Friends
- Imaginary companions (ICs) are common in childhood, serving various psychological functions for children.
- The compensatory theory suggests that children may develop ICs as a way to cope with loneliness, stress, or other challenges.
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ICs provide benefits:
- Companionship and fun.
- Emotional support.
- Practice in social skills.
Social Media & Body Image
- Social media has a significant impact on body image.
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The tripartite influence model highlights the multifaceted effects of social media:
- Perceptual: How we see our bodies.
- Affective: How we feel about our bodies.
- Cognitive: How we think about our bodies.
- Selfie practices can contribute to body image concerns by promoting unrealistic beauty standards.
- Body positivity movement encourages acceptance and appreciation of diverse body shapes and sizes.
- Body functionality emphasizes the importance of our bodies' capabilities and abilities.
Define Psychopathology
- Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders.
- A disorder is a behavioral pattern that is distressing, dysfunctional, and deviant from cultural norms.
- Understanding psychopathology requires considering cultural contexts and historical influences.
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Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey aimed to:
- Assess the prevalence of mental disorders in New Zealand.
- Examine risk and protective factors for mental health.
- Provide information for policy development.
- The survey methods included:
- Surveys and interviews.
- Clinical assessments.
- Key findings included:
- High prevalence of mental disorders in New Zealand.
- Significant disparities in mental health outcomes based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status.
Te Tiriti o Waitangi
- Te Tiriti o Waitangi is the foundational treaty of New Zealand.
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Three key principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi:
- Partnership: Cooperation and shared decision-making between Māori and the Crown.
- Protection: Safeguarding Māori rights and interests.
- Participation: Māori involvement in governance and society.
Te Whare Tapa Whā
- Te Whare Tapa Whā is a model of holistic Māori well-being.
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Four sides of Te Whare Tapa Whā:
- Taha Tinana: Physical health.
- Taha Wairua: Spiritual health.
- Taha Hinengaro: Mental health.
- Taha Whanau: Family and community health.
Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels.
- Type I bipolar disorder involves at least one manic episode, which is a period of elevated mood, increased energy, and impaired judgment.
- Type II bipolar disorder involves episodes of hypomania, which are less severe than mania, and episodes of depression.
Overview of Substance Abuse
- Substance use is the consumption of psychoactive substances.
- Substance abuse is a pattern of substance use that leads to negative consequences, such as problems at work, school, or in relationships.
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Key definitions:
- Substance use criteria: A set of criteria used to diagnose substance use disorders based on severity and impact of substance use.
- Tolerance: The need to consume higher doses of a substance to achieve the desired effect.
- Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance.
Patterns of Substance Abuse in Young People:
- Young people tend to use substances for various reasons:
- Peer pressure.
- Curiosity.
- Escape from stress.
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Adolescent context:
- Risk-taking behavior.
- Peer influence.
- Increased sensitivity to reward.
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Considering a developmental approach:
- Early onset of substance use is associated with greater risks.
- Substance use patterns change throughout adolescence.
- Interventions need to be tailored to individual needs.
Revision Activities
- Mania involves an elevated mood, increased energy, and difficulty concentrating.
- Hypomania is a less severe form of mania.
- An episode of depression involves a low mood, loss of interest, and feelings of hopelessness.
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Key criteria for depression:
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.
- Loss of interest and pleasure in activities.
- Significant weight loss or gain.
- Insomnia or hypersomnia.
- Fatigue or loss of energy.
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate.
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
- Cognitive distortions are inaccurate and unhelpful thought patterns.
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Beck's theory of depression:
- Negative cognitive triad: Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
- Cognitive biases: Tendencies to selectively attend to negative information.
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