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Questions and Answers

What term describes the way you feel about your body?

  • Functional body image
  • Affective body image (correct)
  • Cognitive body image
  • Perceptual body image
  • Which of the following statements about cultural perceptions of disorders is true?

  • All cultures share the same definitions of normal and abnormal behavior.
  • Diagnosis of disorders is solely based on biological factors.
  • What is considered a disorder varies among different cultures. (correct)
  • Homosexuality is viewed similarly across all cultures.
  • What is one of the main aims of Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey?

  • To define psychopathology universally
  • To standardize mental health treatments across cultures
  • To assess the mental health needs of the New Zealand population (correct)
  • To provide mental health services to every individual
  • Which side is NOT one of the four sides of Te Whare Tapa Whā?

    <p>Financial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of body positivity?

    <p>Emphasizing acceptance of all body types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher argued that man is by nature good and that institutions corrupt him?

    <p>Rousseau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the id represent in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Instinctual drives and unconscious desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ego play in Freud's model of personality?

    <p>It negotiates between the id's impulses and reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of drawing for children in interviews?

    <p>It increases their willingness to participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory supports the development of imaginary friends in children?

    <p>Compensatory theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, which component of the personality contains traditional values and ideals of society?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social psychology, what do dialogues and debates facilitate?

    <p>New ideas and social change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages that children go through in their drawing development?

    <p>Five distinct stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of child witnesses, what dilemma is often presented?

    <p>The Child Sexual Abuse Dilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pleasure principle associated with the id entail?

    <p>Immediate satisfaction of desires without consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT reflective of effective interview techniques with children?

    <p>Dismissing children's responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Hobbes' view of human nature?

    <p>Man's inherent brutishness and need for control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gender-neutral parents typically influence their children's attitudes and behaviors?

    <p>They result in children not fitting with gender stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Freud's theory is described as having no contact with the outer world and functioning unconsciously?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In legal settings, what is typically the first step in the examination of child witnesses?

    <p>Direct Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about children's drawings and their communication?

    <p>Drawings have no impact on children's verbal communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological complex arises when a male child develops feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival?

    <p>Oedipus complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Freud suggest as the consequence of harsh toilet training on personality?

    <p>Compulsions and obsession with cleanliness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children typically resolve the conflicts of the phallic stage according to Freud?

    <p>By repressing sexual impulses and identifying with the same-sex parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue that girls face during the phallic stage according to Freud?

    <p>Realization of penis envy and blaming their mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from extremely lax toilet training, as per Freudian theory?

    <p>Messy and dominant adult personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attitude as defined in the content?

    <p>An emotional response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the guilt and fear experienced by a boy regarding his father during the phallic stage?

    <p>Castration anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children derive pleasure from their sexual organs according to Freudian theory?

    <p>Phallic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Type I bipolar disorder from Type II bipolar disorder?

    <p>Type I includes at least one manic episode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive distortion is most commonly associated with depressed individuals according to Beck's theory?

    <p>Assuming the worst will happen based on personal faults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of substance abuse, which reason is a common factor for young people using substances?

    <p>To enhance social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cognitive triad in Beck's theory of depression focus on?

    <p>Negative thoughts about the world, oneself, and the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication of memory sensitivity in depressed individuals?

    <p>Quicker recognition of sad faces in studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Social Psychology

    • Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.
    • Rousseau argued that humans are innately good, and society corrupts them. He believed that government should reflect the will of the people.
    • Hobbes argued that humans are inherently selfish and aggressive. He believed that governments should exert strong control over people's lives to curb their instincts.
    • Dialogues and debates in social psychology are valuable for exploring diverse perspectives and fostering ongoing knowledge development.

    Approaches to Social Theorizing

    • Social psychology utilizes various approaches to theorizing:
      • Social cognition: focuses on how people process information about the social world.
      • Social learning: emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in shaping behavior.
      • Social identity: examines how people's sense of belonging to groups influences their behavior.
      • Social constructionism: explores how social meanings and realities are created through shared understandings.
      • Evolutionary psychology: applies evolutionary principles to understand human behavior.

    Levels of Explanation in Social Psychology

    • Social psychology operates within multiple levels of analysis:
      • Intrapersonal: examines individual psychological processes, such as attitudes, beliefs, and emotions.
      • Interpersonal: focuses on interactions between two or more people, including communication, conflict, and cooperation.
      • Group: explores how individuals behave within groups, including group dynamics, leadership, and conformity.
      • Societal: considers the impact of social forces and structures on individual behavior and society as a whole.

    Freud & Psychoanalysis

    • Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.
    • Key tenets of psychoanalysis:
      • Unconscious mind: a vast reservoir of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are outside of conscious awareness.
      • Defense mechanisms: unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety.
      • Psychosexual stages: developmental stages characterized by a focus on specific erogenous zones.

    Core Concepts in Psychoanalysis

    • The Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs.
    • The Ego is the mediator between the Id and the Superego, operating on the reality principle to find acceptable ways to fulfill desires.
    • The Superego represents internalized moral standards and societal values.
    • The Phallic Stage is a crucial phase in psychosexual development (ages 3-6) where children develop feelings of love for the opposite-sex parent and hostility towards the same-sex parent.
    • The Oedipus Complex (for boys) and Electra Complex (for girls) refer to these complex emotional desires and conflicts.
    • The Latency Stage (ages 6-12) is a period of sexual dormancy.
    • The Genital Stage (adolescence) marks the reemergence of sexual urges directed towards others, often focused on romantic relationships.

    Experimental Evidence

    • Experimental evidence has provided support for some of Freud's ideas, while challenging others.
    • Freud's theories continue to influence psychological thought and practice.

    Attitude & Attitude Change

    • An attitude is a positive or negative evaluation of a person, object, or idea.
    • Three components of attitude:
      • Cognitive: Beliefs and thoughts about an attitude object.
      • Affective: Feelings and emotions associated with an attitude object.
      • Behavioral: Tendencies to act in a certain way towards an attitude object.

    Children's Drawing

    • Children's drawings can reveal their understanding of the world and their emotional state.
    • Developmental Stages of Drawing:
      • Scribbling stage: random marks, often resembling lines and circles.
      • Preschematic stage: simple shapes and lines, often representing people and objects.
      • Schematic stage: more detailed drawings, including recognizable features.
      • Realistic stage: more accurate and complex representations of objects and scenes.
      • Realistic and individualized stage: highly detailed drawings, showing personal style and expression.

    Clinical Values

    • Drawing can be used as a clinical tool:
      • To assess children's developmental progress.
      • To help children communicate their feelings and experiences.
    • Drawing can have several benefits:
      • Increases the length of interviews.
      • Reduces social barriers.
      • Provides children with retrieval cues to access memories.

    Children as Witnesses

    • Children are often vulnerable witnesses, especially in cases of sexual abuse.
    • Leading questions and repeated questioning can affect children's memories and lead to false accusations.
    • The McMartin Preschool Case and Peter Ellis Case illustrate the risks of suggestive questioning.
    • The New Zealand legal system has specific procedures for handling child witness testimony.

    Imaginary Friends

    • Imaginary companions (ICs) are common in childhood, serving various psychological functions for children.
    • The compensatory theory suggests that children may develop ICs as a way to cope with loneliness, stress, or other challenges.
    • ICs provide benefits:
      • Companionship and fun.
      • Emotional support.
      • Practice in social skills.

    Social Media & Body Image

    • Social media has a significant impact on body image.
    • The tripartite influence model highlights the multifaceted effects of social media:
      • Perceptual: How we see our bodies.
      • Affective: How we feel about our bodies.
      • Cognitive: How we think about our bodies.
    • Selfie practices can contribute to body image concerns by promoting unrealistic beauty standards.
    • Body positivity movement encourages acceptance and appreciation of diverse body shapes and sizes.
    • Body functionality emphasizes the importance of our bodies' capabilities and abilities.

    Define Psychopathology

    • Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders.
    • A disorder is a behavioral pattern that is distressing, dysfunctional, and deviant from cultural norms.
    • Understanding psychopathology requires considering cultural contexts and historical influences.
    • Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey aimed to:
      • Assess the prevalence of mental disorders in New Zealand.
      • Examine risk and protective factors for mental health.
      • Provide information for policy development.
      • The survey methods included:
      • Surveys and interviews.
      • Clinical assessments.
      • Key findings included:
      • High prevalence of mental disorders in New Zealand.
      • Significant disparities in mental health outcomes based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

    Te Tiriti o Waitangi

    • Te Tiriti o Waitangi is the foundational treaty of New Zealand.
    • Three key principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi:
      • Partnership: Cooperation and shared decision-making between Māori and the Crown.
      • Protection: Safeguarding Māori rights and interests.
      • Participation: Māori involvement in governance and society.

    Te Whare Tapa Whā

    • Te Whare Tapa Whā is a model of holistic Māori well-being.
    • Four sides of Te Whare Tapa Whā:
      • Taha Tinana: Physical health.
      • Taha Wairua: Spiritual health.
      • Taha Hinengaro: Mental health.
      • Taha Whanau: Family and community health.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels.
    • Type I bipolar disorder involves at least one manic episode, which is a period of elevated mood, increased energy, and impaired judgment.
    • Type II bipolar disorder involves episodes of hypomania, which are less severe than mania, and episodes of depression.

    Overview of Substance Abuse

    • Substance use is the consumption of psychoactive substances.
    • Substance abuse is a pattern of substance use that leads to negative consequences, such as problems at work, school, or in relationships.
    • Key definitions:
      • Substance use criteria: A set of criteria used to diagnose substance use disorders based on severity and impact of substance use.
      • Tolerance: The need to consume higher doses of a substance to achieve the desired effect.
      • Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance.

    Patterns of Substance Abuse in Young People:

    • Young people tend to use substances for various reasons:
      • Peer pressure.
      • Curiosity.
      • Escape from stress.
    • Adolescent context:
      • Risk-taking behavior.
      • Peer influence.
      • Increased sensitivity to reward.
    • Considering a developmental approach:
      • Early onset of substance use is associated with greater risks.
      • Substance use patterns change throughout adolescence.
      • Interventions need to be tailored to individual needs.

    Revision Activities

    • Mania involves an elevated mood, increased energy, and difficulty concentrating.
    • Hypomania is a less severe form of mania.
    • An episode of depression involves a low mood, loss of interest, and feelings of hopelessness.
    • Key criteria for depression:
      • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.
      • Loss of interest and pleasure in activities.
      • Significant weight loss or gain.
      • Insomnia or hypersomnia.
      • Fatigue or loss of energy.
      • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
      • Diminished ability to think or concentrate.
      • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
    • Cognitive distortions are inaccurate and unhelpful thought patterns.
    • Beck's theory of depression:
      • Negative cognitive triad: Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
      • Cognitive biases: Tendencies to selectively attend to negative information.

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