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What are the two main things implied by the statement "globalization is spatial"?
What are the two main things implied by the statement "globalization is spatial"?
The two main things implied by the statement "globalization is spatial" are: 1. Globalization happens in physical spaces, and 2. Globalization is based in places.
What did Saskia Sassen initially identify as the three global cities?
What did Saskia Sassen initially identify as the three global cities?
Saskia Sassen initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo.
What is one of the most important indicators of globality?
What is one of the most important indicators of globality?
Which of these is not a primary characteristic of a global city?
Which of these is not a primary characteristic of a global city?
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The Economist Intelligence Unit considers Singapore to be Asia's most competitive city due to its strong market, efficient government, and livability.
The Economist Intelligence Unit considers Singapore to be Asia's most competitive city due to its strong market, efficient government, and livability.
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What is one of the reasons why Los Angeles can be considered a global city?
What is one of the reasons why Los Angeles can be considered a global city?
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What is one of the key challenges faced by global cities?
What is one of the key challenges faced by global cities?
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What is one of the reasons why cities can be sustainable?
What is one of the reasons why cities can be sustainable?
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Cities consume approximately 78 percent of global energy, despite only covering 2 percent of the world's landmass.
Cities consume approximately 78 percent of global energy, despite only covering 2 percent of the world's landmass.
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What is one of the main reasons why global cities are often targets for terrorist attacks?
What is one of the main reasons why global cities are often targets for terrorist attacks?
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Economic globalization has created a clear distinction between rich and poor cities, with Scandinavian cities having found ways to mitigate inequality through social redistribution programs.
Economic globalization has created a clear distinction between rich and poor cities, with Scandinavian cities having found ways to mitigate inequality through social redistribution programs.
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What is one of the main reasons why the middle class is shrinking in many global cities?
What is one of the main reasons why the middle class is shrinking in many global cities?
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What is the term used to describe the process of driving out poorer residents in favor of newer, wealthier residents?
What is the term used to describe the process of driving out poorer residents in favor of newer, wealthier residents?
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In Australia, poor Aboriginal Australians have been particularly affected by the process of gentrification, being forced to move farther away from city centers with access to more jobs, services, and transportation.
In Australia, poor Aboriginal Australians have been particularly affected by the process of gentrification, being forced to move farther away from city centers with access to more jobs, services, and transportation.
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What is one of the reasons why Singapore is considered a good example of a global city?
What is one of the reasons why Singapore is considered a good example of a global city?
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Copenhagen, despite being a relatively small city, has become a culinary capital of the world, known for its "New Nordic" cuisine.
Copenhagen, despite being a relatively small city, has become a culinary capital of the world, known for its "New Nordic" cuisine.
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The "Green Revolution" refers to the development of high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals, which helped to increase global food production and mitigate the potential for widespread famine.
The "Green Revolution" refers to the development of high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals, which helped to increase global food production and mitigate the potential for widespread famine.
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What is one of the main arguments made by the advocates of population control?
What is one of the main arguments made by the advocates of population control?
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In the 1950s, the American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, advocated for widespread adoption of contraception and sterilization as solutions to global economic, social, and political problems.
In the 1950s, the American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, advocated for widespread adoption of contraception and sterilization as solutions to global economic, social, and political problems.
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The "Population Bomb" by Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife Anne, which argued that overpopulation would lead to environmental disasters and mass starvation in the 1970s and 1980s, has been proven correct and accurate by events.
The "Population Bomb" by Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife Anne, which argued that overpopulation would lead to environmental disasters and mass starvation in the 1970s and 1980s, has been proven correct and accurate by events.
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The reproductive health movement advocates for universal access to contraceptives and abortion, as well as empowering women to exercise their reproductive rights.
The reproductive health movement advocates for universal access to contraceptives and abortion, as well as empowering women to exercise their reproductive rights.
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What is one of the main concerns regarding the impact of population control programs on women?
What is one of the main concerns regarding the impact of population control programs on women?
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The economic argument for population control emphasizes the need for a large and growing workforce to drive economic growth, and it often points to a shift in population from the rural areas to urban centers.
The economic argument for population control emphasizes the need for a large and growing workforce to drive economic growth, and it often points to a shift in population from the rural areas to urban centers.
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What is the main argument made by critics of population control?
What is the main argument made by critics of population control?
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The baby-boom generation in East Asia refers to the surge in births that occurred between 1965 and 1990, which was driven by a decrease in mortality rates and a lag in fertility rates.
The baby-boom generation in East Asia refers to the surge in births that occurred between 1965 and 1990, which was driven by a decrease in mortality rates and a lag in fertility rates.
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What is one of the key factors that has contributed to global food security, despite a growing population?
What is one of the key factors that has contributed to global food security, despite a growing population?
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Feminist advocates of reproductive rights oppose population control measures because they see them as coercive and restrictive, often targeting women and limiting their reproductive autonomy.
Feminist advocates of reproductive rights oppose population control measures because they see them as coercive and restrictive, often targeting women and limiting their reproductive autonomy.
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Feminist arguments for reproductive rights contend that environmental degradation and poverty are primarily caused by overpopulation.
Feminist arguments for reproductive rights contend that environmental degradation and poverty are primarily caused by overpopulation.
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The 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development acknowledged the importance of women's reproductive rights and recommended that they receive counseling about family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and responsible parenthood, but left it up to individual countries to implement these recommendations.
The 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development acknowledged the importance of women's reproductive rights and recommended that they receive counseling about family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and responsible parenthood, but left it up to individual countries to implement these recommendations.
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What is the estimated global population for 2050?
What is the estimated global population for 2050?
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The FAO warns that food production needs to increase by 70 percent to meet the demands of a growing global population by 2050.
The FAO warns that food production needs to increase by 70 percent to meet the demands of a growing global population by 2050.
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What are some of the key issues that affect the sustainability of countries that rely heavily on remittances from their citizens working abroad?
What are some of the key issues that affect the sustainability of countries that rely heavily on remittances from their citizens working abroad?
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The term "brain drain" refers to the migration of highly skilled and educated professionals from developing countries to developed countries, which can negatively impact the development of those sending countries.
The term "brain drain" refers to the migration of highly skilled and educated professionals from developing countries to developed countries, which can negatively impact the development of those sending countries.
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What is one of the main challenges posed by the integration of migrants into receiving countries?
What is one of the main challenges posed by the integration of migrants into receiving countries?
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Developing countries are often reluctant to fully integrate migrants due to concerns about their potential impact on jobs and social services.
Developing countries are often reluctant to fully integrate migrants due to concerns about their potential impact on jobs and social services.
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Migrants often rely on their home country's network of fellow migrants for support and integration in their new home country.
Migrants often rely on their home country's network of fellow migrants for support and integration in their new home country.
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Global migration has been a universally positive force, benefiting both sending and receiving countries by promoting economic growth, cultural exchange, and social progress.
Global migration has been a universally positive force, benefiting both sending and receiving countries by promoting economic growth, cultural exchange, and social progress.
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How can globalization and migration be viewed as a double-edged sword?
How can globalization and migration be viewed as a double-edged sword?
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Study Notes
Globalization is Spatial
- Globalization is not just about ideas, but also physical spaces
- Investments and capital move through cities, and companies build skyscrapers.
- People working in these spaces - or those working abroad – buy or rent high-rise condos, creating better homes.
- This often leads to poorer people being displaced from city centers.
Globalization in Places
- Globalization is rooted in specific locations.
- Los Angeles (Hollywood) is a hub for global movie consumption.
- Tokyo houses Sony's headquarters, coordinating global sales of electronics.
- Cities are both the sites and the mediums of globalization, enabling and shaping global forces.
Globalization in Future Cities
- City populations are increasing.
- 30% of the global population lived in urban areas in 1950.
- 54% lived in urban areas in 2014.
- By 2050, it is estimated that 66% will live in urban areas.
Defining Global Cities
- Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the term "global city."
- Her criteria are primarily economic.
- Three key global cities were initially identified: New York, London, and Tokyo.
- These cities are hubs for global finance and capitalism, housing major stock exchanges (NYSE, FTSE, Nikkei).
- Newer criteria include market size, middle class size, and growth potential.
Attributes of Global Cities
- Economic power is a key characteristic of global cities.
- Important cities, include New York as the largest stock exchange market
- Tokyo has the most corporate headquarters.
- Shanghai is a key player in the global supply chain, with the world's busiest container port.
Cultural Power of Global Cities
- Global cities, which are often viewed as a symbol of modernity
- Cities evoke images of fast-paced, exciting cosmopolitan lifestyles.
- They are characterized by diversity, offering cuisines from around the world.
- These cities are associated with cultural landmarks and powerful examples of cultural influence.
Challenges of Global Cities
- Global cities often experience great inequality and poverty, alongside tremendous violence.
- They can be sites of winners and losers, similar to globalization at large.
Sustainability Concerns
- Cities can be more sustainable due to their density, promoting energy efficiency through their buildings.
- Dense populations and good public transportation decrease carbon footprint.
- However, cities consume substantial amounts of global energy.
Global Cities and Violence
- Global cities are prominent targets for terrorists.
- Cities' role as symbols of globalization are disliked by some.
- Terrorist attacks like the attacks on the Twin Towers or the 2015 Paris attacks highlight this.
- Cities with global influence are targets for such acts
The Global City and the Poor
- Economic globalization has created massive inequality in global cities
- Contrasting characteristics exist in cities: gleaming buildings and shantytowns are common in places like Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila.
- Rich urban areas, often contrasted by poor, underdeveloped areas
- Such dualities are present in many global cities, highlighting inequality.
The Problem of Urban Enclaves for the Unemployed
- Urban enclaves in New York and San Francisco are often occupied by minority groups.
- Economic disparities lead to displacement of lower-income groups, driven out to avoid rising urban costs.
Globalization and the Urban Population
- Migration patterns to cities are a key contributor to overall global population growth.
- International migration often addresses concerns like an aging population, offsetting labor shortages.
- High-growth urban areas attract skilled workers, while cities also face challenges like balancing resource needs with growing populations.
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