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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for vision?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for general sensations from the face?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for general sensations from the face?
What type of functions does the vagus nerve perform?
What type of functions does the vagus nerve perform?
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Which cranial nerve primarily supplies muscles of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve primarily supplies muscles of the tongue?
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Which nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue?
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Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT have a motor function?
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT have a motor function?
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Where do cranial nerves exit the skull?
Where do cranial nerves exit the skull?
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What is the origin of most cranial nerves?
What is the origin of most cranial nerves?
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What kind of sensation does the vagus nerve provide from the external ear?
What kind of sensation does the vagus nerve provide from the external ear?
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Study Notes
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain and exit the skull through foramina.
- Each nerve has a specific function and is crucial for various bodily activities.
Cranial Nerve Functions
- Olfactory Nerve (1st): Smell
- Optic Nerve (2nd): Vision
- Oculomotor Nerve (3rd): Controls most eye muscles
- Trochlear Nerve (4th): Controls one eye muscle
- Abducens Nerve (6th): Controls one eye muscle
- Trigeminal Nerve (5th): Mixed nerve (motor and sensory); controls chewing muscles, sensory facial sensation
- Facial Nerve (7th): Mixed nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic); facial expressions, taste
- Auditory Nerve (8th): Hearing and equilibrium
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9th): Mixed nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic); taste, swallowing
- Vagus Nerve (10th): Mixed nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic); vital functions (respiration, digestion, heart rate), sensation from many areas
- Accessory Nerve (11th): Pure motor; head and neck muscles (trapezius, sternocleidomastoid)
- Hypoglossal Nerve (12th): Pure motor; tongue muscles
Function Types of Cranial Nerves
- Motor: Controls muscle movement
- Sensory: Detects sensations (taste, touch, temperature)
- Parasympathetic: Regulates involuntary functions (digestion, heart rate)
Origin and Exit Points of Cranial Nerves
- Cranial nerves originate from different locations within the brainstem.
- They exit the skull through specific foramina (openings).
Branches and Divisions - Trigeminal Nerve
- Trigeminal Nerve has three divisions
- Ophthalmic nerve (sensory)
- Maxillary nerve (sensory)
- Mandibular nerve (mixed)
Branches of Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve
- Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular Branches
Branches of Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- (Sensory & Parasympathetic)
Branches of Vagus Nerve
- (Sensory, Motor & Parasympathetic)
Branches of Accessory Nerve
- (Motor)
Branches of Hypoglossal Nerve
- (Motor)
Cranial Nerve Functions - Detailed
-
Trigeminal Nerve (5th):
- Motor: Muscles of mastication (chewing)
- Sensory: General sensations (touch, pain, temperature) from the face, teeth, and mouth
-
Facial Nerve (7th):
- Motor: Facial expressions, muscles of facial expression
- Sensory: Taste from the anterior two-thirds of tongue
- Parasympathetic: Salivary glands, tear glands
-
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9th):
- Motor: Muscles of pharynx and larynx (swallowing)
- Sensory: Taste from the posterior one-third of tongue, general sensations from pharynx and carotid body
- Parasympathetic: Salivary glands
-
Vagus Nerve (10th):
- Motor: Muscles of pharynx and larynx (swallowing), smooth muscle in internal organs
- Sensory: General sensations from the thoracic and abdominal viscera
- Parasympathetic: Regulation of many bodily functions
-
Accessory Nerve (11th):
- Motor: Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles (shoulder movement and head turning)
-
Hypoglossal Nerve (12th):
- Motor: Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (movement of tongue)
Effects of Injury to Cranial Nerves
- Hemiatrophy: Affected side of the tongue may shrink.
- Deviation during protrusion: Tongue deviates to the affected side.
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