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Questions and Answers

What role does growth hormone (GH) play during sleep?

  • It decreases immune system function.
  • It promotes wakefulness.
  • It induces REM sleep.
  • It helps build muscle and bone mass. (correct)

Which brain wave pattern is associated with a calm and awake brain?

  • Theta waves
  • Beta waves
  • Alpha waves (correct)
  • Delta waves

What happens to REM sleep as the night progresses?

  • It disappears after the first cycle.
  • It gets longer with each cycle. (correct)
  • It becomes shorter with each cycle.
  • It occurs only during deep sleep.

Which stage of sleep is characterized by theta waves?

<p>Stage 1 of NREM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of desynchronous brain activity as measured by EEG?

<p>Every neuron is doing its own thing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon may occur when falling asleep, especially in unfamiliar places?

<p>Hypnogogic jerk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave is involved in processing sensory input, particularly visual information?

<p>Gamma waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of sleep does dreaming NOT occur?

<p>Stage 2 of NREM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

<p>To maintain circadian rhythms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stimulus is considered the most powerful zeitgeber for establishing biorhythms?

<p>Light exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often do ultradian cycles occur during the day?

<p>Every 90-120 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NREM sleep in memory processing?

<p>Building memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of shift maladaptation syndrome?

<p>Health and interpersonal problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT recommended for improving sleep quality?

<p>Consuming caffeine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the retina are involved in signaling the SCN about light exposure?

<p>Intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dreams are reported to be nightmares?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a morning person, also referred to as a 'lark'?

<p>They experience alertness in the early hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dreaming theory, what does the threat simulation hypothesis suggest?

<p>Dreams serve as a practice for handling threats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder is characterized by difficulty staying asleep?

<p>Insomnia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the suprachiasmatic nucleus during the daytime?

<p>It helps distinguish day from night. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exposure to sunlight affect the circadian rhythm?

<p>It helps to reset the cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom can result from chronic sleep deprivation?

<p>Decreased cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the emotional perception of strangers in dreams?

<p>Emotions are generated by the amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of narcolepsy on sleep?

<p>Instant transition to REM sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of K-complexes during sleep?

<p>To keep the individual from waking up (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stages of NREM sleep does delta wave activity become predominant?

<p>Stage 3 and 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after falling asleep does REM sleep typically first occur?

<p>90 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of REM sleep deprivation?

<p>Irritability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system is primarily relied on during deep sleep?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur during REM sleep?

<p>Rapid and irregular heart rate and breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of the brain play a significant role in consciousness?

<p>Brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bilingualism involves using both languages comfortably at the same time?

<p>Compound bilingualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the inability to write?

<p>Agraphia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does code-switching involve?

<p>Alternating between multiple languages in speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the increased cognitive effort required when switching languages?

<p>Switch cost (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about individuals with dyslexia?

<p>They have normal intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern?

<p>A unique type of depression due to insufficient daylight during winter months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does maintenance insomnia differ from onset insomnia?

<p>Maintenance insomnia involves difficulties in staying asleep all night (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of narcolepsy?

<p>Immediate entry into REM sleep and waking up refreshed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by lack of voluntary control over bodily actions?

<p>Coma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypopnea refer to?

<p>Reduction of airflow during sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the feature of REM sleep behavior disorder?

<p>Absent REM paralysis during sleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes unresponsive wakefulness syndrome from a coma?

<p>Individuals can wake but have no awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thalamus in relation to consciousness?

<p>It enables and regulates consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Circadian Rhythm

A repeating cycle of approximately 24 hours that regulates various bodily functions, including sleep and wakefulness.

Zeitgeber

A stimulus that helps establish and maintain biorhythms, particularly sleep-wake cycles.

Ultradian Cycles

Wakefulness cycles occurring throughout the day and night, at intervals of roughly 90-120 minutes.

Chronotype

Individual variations in circadian rhythms (e.g., morning person, night person).

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Shift Maladaptation Syndrome

Health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems resulting from disrupted sleep due to shift work.

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Part of the hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythms, primarily responding to light.

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Retinohypothalamic Pathway

Neural pathway connecting the retina to the SCN, transmitting light information to regulate circadian rhythms.

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Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs)

Retinal cells directly sensitive to light and involved in the light-entrainment process to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone released during deep sleep that builds muscle, bone mass, and maintains immune function.

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by longer duration with each sleep cycle, interspersed with waking moments within a night, and reduced NREM sleep.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A measurement of brain wave activity, categorized as synchronized or desynchronized.

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Desynchronous EEG

Brain activity where neurons fire independently during wakefulness, a state of active processing within many areas of the brain.

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Synchronous EEG

Brain activity where neurons fire in a synchronized way, commonly associated with deep sleep stages.

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Hypnogogic jerk

A sudden, involuntary muscle twitch that occurs as you're falling asleep, often accompanied by feelings of falling.

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Sleep Spindles

Short bursts of rapid brain activity occurring during Stage 2 NREM sleep.

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Dreaming

Not a stage of deep sleep but occurs during both REM and NREM sleep.

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Sleep's Role in Memory

Sleep consolidates memories, with NREM building and REM strengthening them.

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Sleep for Body Restoration

Sleep aids body repair, including immune system function and damage recovery.

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Consistent Sleep Schedule

A regular sleep-wake cycle helps maintain healthy sleep patterns.

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Melatonin and Waking

Decreased signals for wakefulness and increased melatonin signals are associated with sleep.

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Insomnia

Trouble sleeping, affecting the ability to initiate or maintain rest for feeling rested.

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Negative Dreams

A significant percentage of dreams are nightmares.

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Dream Content

Dreams often involve familiar places, routine activities, and rarely active characters.

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Narcolepsy Symptoms

Characterized by sleep attacks, sudden sleep onset, and potentially REM sleep paralysis.

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NREM Stages

Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep, consisting of stages 1-4, characterized by progressively slower brain waves until reaching deep sleep.

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Delta Waves

The slowest brain waves, associated with deep sleep (stages 3 and 4 of NREM).

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REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a stage of sleep associated with dreaming and increased brain activity, occurring roughly every 90 minutes.

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K-complexes

Brain waves that occur during sleep and help prevent waking.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that's active in deep sleep, slowing down bodily functions.

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REM Deprivation

Lack of sufficient REM sleep, often leading to difficulty concentrating, irritability and other problems.

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Brain Networks for Waking

The parts of the brain, like the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, responsible for consciousness.

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Thalamus

A brain structure that modulates sensory activity. It is involved in how and when you feel things.

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Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern

A type of depression linked to insufficient daylight during winter months.

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Delayed Sleep Wake Phase Disorder

Difficulty falling asleep at a desired time.

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Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder

Sleep-wake cycle not aligned with a 24-hour clock.

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Insomnia (Onset)

Difficulty falling asleep at bedtime.

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Coma

Unresponsive state, lacking sleep-wake cycles and voluntary behavior.

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Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS)

Arousal without consciousness; sleep-wake cycle present, but lacking voluntary control.

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Sleep Walking

Walking while asleep, typically during NREM sleep.

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Narcolepsy

Sudden sleep attacks, immediate entry into REM sleep, and refreshed after waking; sometimes includes muscle paralysis (catalepsy).

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Unbalanced Bilinguals

Bilinguals who use language differently based on context (compound, coordinate, or subordinate).

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Code Switching

Alternating between multiple languages in conversation.

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Phonology

Understanding and articulating the sounds of a language.

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Alexia

Inability to read, despite understanding spoken language.

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Dyslexia

A learning disability causing difficulty with reading.

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