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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of testing in Agile Software Development?
What is the primary focus of testing in Agile Software Development?
Which of the following describes a logic error in software?
Which of the following describes a logic error in software?
What is the main purpose of root cause analysis in the software testing process?
What is the main purpose of root cause analysis in the software testing process?
Which type of error is identified during the build process rather than through testing?
Which type of error is identified during the build process rather than through testing?
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In the context of integration testing, what does it aim to verify?
In the context of integration testing, what does it aim to verify?
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What is the primary goal of regression testing?
What is the primary goal of regression testing?
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Which testing technique does NOT require programming knowledge?
Which testing technique does NOT require programming knowledge?
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Test-driven development (TDD) emphasizes which of the following practices?
Test-driven development (TDD) emphasizes which of the following practices?
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What does equivalence partitioning help identify in testing?
What does equivalence partitioning help identify in testing?
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Which of the following best describes white-box testing?
Which of the following best describes white-box testing?
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When is partition testing most effective?
When is partition testing most effective?
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Which aspect of software development does Black-box testing primarily focus on?
Which aspect of software development does Black-box testing primarily focus on?
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What is a key feature of acceptance testing?
What is a key feature of acceptance testing?
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What is the purpose of the 'expected' parameter in the @Test annotation in JUnit?
What is the purpose of the 'expected' parameter in the @Test annotation in JUnit?
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What does the timeout parameter in the @Test annotation do?
What does the timeout parameter in the @Test annotation do?
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What is the function of a @Rule in JUnit?
What is the function of a @Rule in JUnit?
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Which tool is specifically mentioned as a code coverage plug-in for Eclipse?
Which tool is specifically mentioned as a code coverage plug-in for Eclipse?
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What color indicates fully covered lines in source code annotations?
What color indicates fully covered lines in source code annotations?
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To incorporate JUnit in a Gradle build, what should be added to the build file?
To incorporate JUnit in a Gradle build, what should be added to the build file?
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What does a yellow line in code coverage annotations signify?
What does a yellow line in code coverage annotations signify?
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What priority does Agile development give according to its principles?
What priority does Agile development give according to its principles?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Eclipse's JUnit support?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Eclipse's JUnit support?
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What does the red color represent in the source code annotations?
What does the red color represent in the source code annotations?
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What is the first step in the workflow of the Distributed VCS with the Integration Manager Model?
What is the first step in the workflow of the Distributed VCS with the Integration Manager Model?
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What is a key characteristic of the Dictator and Lieutenants Model?
What is a key characteristic of the Dictator and Lieutenants Model?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of contributors in the main repository?
Which statement accurately describes the role of contributors in the main repository?
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What action does the maintainer take after receiving an email from the contributor?
What action does the maintainer take after receiving an email from the contributor?
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In the Integration Manager Model, what does the contributor do after cloning the main repository?
In the Integration Manager Model, what does the contributor do after cloning the main repository?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the benevolent dictator in the Dictator and Lieutenants Model?
Which of the following best describes the role of the benevolent dictator in the Dictator and Lieutenants Model?
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What is a significant advantage of using a public clone in the Distributed VCS?
What is a significant advantage of using a public clone in the Distributed VCS?
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What happens during the merging process in the Integration Manager Model?
What happens during the merging process in the Integration Manager Model?
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What is the primary measure of progress in Agile development?
What is the primary measure of progress in Agile development?
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Which Agile method emphasizes pair programming and test-driven development?
Which Agile method emphasizes pair programming and test-driven development?
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How often should the Agile team reflect on its effectiveness?
How often should the Agile team reflect on its effectiveness?
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What is a core principle of Agile that promotes sustainability?
What is a core principle of Agile that promotes sustainability?
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Why is face-to-face conversation preferred in Agile processes?
Why is face-to-face conversation preferred in Agile processes?
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What does Agile emphasize as essential to maximizing productivity?
What does Agile emphasize as essential to maximizing productivity?
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In which Agile method do teams work on small increments of functionality continuously?
In which Agile method do teams work on small increments of functionality continuously?
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Which practice is commonly associated with Scrum?
Which practice is commonly associated with Scrum?
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What is the optimal team size for effective Scrum practices?
What is the optimal team size for effective Scrum practices?
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Which of the following responsibilities does the Scrum Master NOT have?
Which of the following responsibilities does the Scrum Master NOT have?
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What should a team do if more than 9 members are present?
What should a team do if more than 9 members are present?
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How long is a typical Sprint duration in Scrum?
How long is a typical Sprint duration in Scrum?
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In which meeting is the Sprint Goal established?
In which meeting is the Sprint Goal established?
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Which Scrum event aims to minimize the need for additional meetings?
Which Scrum event aims to minimize the need for additional meetings?
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What is considered a key output of the Sprint Planning meeting?
What is considered a key output of the Sprint Planning meeting?
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Who must attend the Daily Scrum meeting?
Who must attend the Daily Scrum meeting?
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What aspect of team structure is emphasized in Scrum?
What aspect of team structure is emphasized in Scrum?
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What is the role of the Scrum Master regarding the impediments faced by the Development team?
What is the role of the Scrum Master regarding the impediments faced by the Development team?
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During the Daily Scrum, team members answer how many questions?
During the Daily Scrum, team members answer how many questions?
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Which statement describes a characteristic of the Scrum team?
Which statement describes a characteristic of the Scrum team?
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What happens if management tries to add new work during the Sprint?
What happens if management tries to add new work during the Sprint?
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Study Notes
SOFT2412 Exam Preparation
- Agile software Development Practices (University of Sydney)
1 Software Development Process Models
- The Software Process
- Set of activities required to develop software
- Activities are to be done in a specific order.
- Lifecycle for a Software Development project includes processes, tools, and definitions of artifacts.
- Most development processes include activities like specification (system requirements), design and implementation, validation (testing), and evolution.
- Software Process Models
- Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
- Description of a process from a particular perspective, outlining activities and their sequence without necessarily detailing the roles involved.
- Representative Software Process Models
- Waterfall Model: Development activities as phases (requirements, design, implementation, integration & testing, operation & maintenance)
- Spiral Model: Incremental development using risk analysis at each stage
- Agile Model: Iterative incremental development for rapid development and adjusting to changing requirements.
- Rational Unified Process (RUP or UP): A model combining elements of different process models with defined phases.
Waterfall Model
- Phases: Requirements analysis & definition, system & software design, implementation & unit testing, integration & system testing, operations & maintenance.
- Advantages: Intensive documentation, easy to understand and implement.
- Problems: Difficult to accommodate changes and inflexible partitioning. Commonly used in large-scale system engineering projects.
Requirements Engineering Process
-
Planning in Software Development
- Plan-driven (Plan-and-Document, Heavy-weight): Activities are pre-planned, and changes are expensive.
- Agile Processes (Light-weight): Planning is incremental and continuous, easier to change to reflect evolving requirements.
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Software Evolution
- Software is inherently flexible and must adapt to changes.
- Business software needs to respond rapidly to changing markets.
Rational Unified Process (RUP)
- Software Development process using iterative and risk-driven approach to develop object-oriented software systems.
- Iterative incremental and evolutionary development.
- Includes phases such as inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Agile Development Model
- Project Failure is the primary trigger for agility and quick development.
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Process
- Agile advocates believe current processes are too heavy/cumbersome and rigid.
- More active customer involvement is essential.
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Agile Methods:
- Set of principles with light-weight methodology, such as Extreme Programming (XP) and Scrum.
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Agile Principles:
- Prioritize customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
- Welcome changing requirements and are flexible.
- Deliver working software frequently.
- Have daily interactions with business people and developers.
- Build projects around motivated individuals.
- Face-to-face communication is the most effective method to convey information.
- Working software is the primary measure of progress.
- Maintain a sustainable pace of development.
- Focus on technical excellence.
- Keep things simple.
- Self-organising teams should emerge.
- Teams should reflect on how they can become more effective.
2 Tools and Technologies for Controlling Artifacts
- Software Artifact - Software Requirements Specification
- Variety of formats (e.g., user stories, documents)
- Track changes and versions of requirements is important.
- Software Artifacts - Code
- Spread over many files.
- Use Language conventions/documentation.
Version Control System (VCS)
- Tools for software teams to manage changes to code over time.
- Local VCS: Keep track of all modifications. Revert to previous states, and view change history.
- Centralized VCS: Single server storing all versions. Easier administrator access, and developer work may get interrupted due to a single point of failure.
- Distributed VCS: Multiple remote repositories, allowing multiple developers to collaborate simultaneously. Backup facility is present.
Git Fundamentals
- A version control system for tracking and managing changes to code.
- Web-based (online) central repository of code.
- Tracks changes and histories, allowing merges and conflict resolutions via command line and UI.
- Git distinguishes between unchanged files.
- Supports delta-based VCS.
3 Tools and Technologies for Controlling Artifacts (2) - Distributed Git - Remote Branches
- Remote (Hosted) Repositories
- Remote-tracking branches.
- Remote references (pointers) in your remote repos.
- Localised references cannot be moved, but git moves them for accuracy w.r.t. remote repos.
- List of remote references, or list of remote branches (e.g., via git commands)
4 System Build Automation
- Software Configuration Management (CM)
- Concerned with policies, processes, and tools used to manage changing software systems.
- Tracks changes and component versions incorporated into each system.
- Essential to control changes by different developers.
- Configuration Management Activities
- System building: Assembling program components, data, and libraries.
- Version management: Tracking multiple versions and preventing conflicts.
- Change management: Handling requests for changes.
- Release management: Preparing software for external release.
5 Software Quality Assurance: Software Testing
- Software Quality:
- Satisfying user needs; correct behavior, easy to use, does not crash etc.
- Easy to debug and enhance.
- Software Testing:
- Demonstrating software meets requirements.
- Finding incorrect or undesired behavior (bugs).
- Types of Software Defects
- Syntax Errors: detected during programming or compile.
- Runtime errors: may crash during code execution.
- Logic Errors: The program produces incorrect output for some inputs.
- Timing Errors: Does not produce computational results in reasonable time.
- Software Testing - Costs
- Cost of inadequate testing is estimated to be $59.5 billion annually in the US alone.
- Critical software systems (e.g., medical, flight control, traffic control) require careful testing.
- Testing Levels:
- Unit/Functional Testing: Tests individual units of code.
- Integration Testing: Tests interactions between different parts of a system.
- System Testing: Tests the entire system for functionality, security, performance, etc.
- Acceptance Testing: Tests the system from the perspective of the user.
- Testing Techniques:
- Black-box testing: Testing without knowledge of the code. Focus on input/output behaviors and specifications.
- White-box testing: Testing with knowledge of the code, to test internal structure and code paths
6 Continuous Integration, Continuous Delivery, and Development
- Agile Principle:
- Highest priority is customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery.
- Welcome changing requirements. Deliver working software frequently.
- Continuous Integration (CI):
- Software development practice integrating work frequently using automated builds (including tests).
- Continuous Delivery (CD) :
- Software delivery discipline allowing release of new changes quickly and reliably to customers.
- Automatically package artifacts and deploy applications.
7 Team Dynamics; Tools and Technologies for Teamwork
-
Waterfall Model Teams:
- Separate teams for each stage with handoffs (coordination) using documents.
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Agile Teams:
- Self-organising, cross-functional teams.
- Individuals and their interactions are more important than the processes and tools.
8 Agile Method - Scrum
- Agile Process - Agile development processes are lightweight and focused.
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Agile Principles:
- Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery.
- Acceptance of changing requirements.
- Frequent delivery of working software.
- Daily cooperation between business people and developers.
- Build projects around motivated individuals.
- Efficient communication.
- Extreme Programming (XP) and Scrum are popular agile methods.
9 Requirements; Technologies for Expressing Requirements
- Requirements in plan-and-document methodologies.
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Plan-and-Document - Requirements:
- Requirements document detailed, extensive, and adheres to standards.
- Typically uses structured templates (like Word docs).
- Includes numbered, named requirements for traceability.
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Plan-and-Document: Requirements Engineering Process:
- Requirements elicitation and analysis.
- Requirements specifications.
- Requirements validation.
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Requirements Elicitation - Technique:
- Interviewing stakeholders.
- Creating scenarios.
- Creating use cases.
- Requirements Documentation: Software Requirements Specifications (SRS) documents.
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Why Do Software Projects Fail?:
- Budget and schedule overruns.
- Useless features (those unused frequently or rarely).
10 Estimation and Its Challenges; Tools and Technologies for Tracking Progress
- Goals: Making Software Engineering predictable in budget and schedule.
- Components: Requirements elicitation, requirements documentation, cost estimation, scheduling and monitoring, change and risk management.
11 Ethics, Intellectual Property, and Open-Source Software
- Ethics Theory: Discusses ethical principles, personal conduct codes and frameworks for ethical decision-making by software engineers.
- Professional Frameworks: Professional codes of ethics provided by various professional organisations are offered to guide best practice and decision-making.
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Intellectual Property (IP)
- intangible creations of the human intellect (e.g. inventions, designs).
- Law to protect these creations (e.g., Copyright, Trademark, Patent).
-
Software Licensing:
- Agreements allowing use, distribution, sharing, or modifications of Software.
- Licenses from software vendors to customers
-
Open-Source Software: Software with source code, publicly available for inspection, modification, and enhancement.
- Open-source licenses approved by the OSI (Open-Source Initiative)
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