Untitled Quiz

Broadband Interest: The Basic for NGN

• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the world's largest organization for telecommunications.
• It's a United Nations agency coordinating telecommunications globally.
• Founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, it's the oldest existing international organization.
• ITU headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The ITU now focuses on the importance of broadband.
• ITU's work is categorized into three sectors: ITU-T, ITU-R, and ITU-D.
  • ITU-T (Standardization): Defines and approves telecommunication standards for worldwide operations. Approximately 200-300 new standards are approved annually. Over 4,000 are in use.
  • ITU-R (Radiocommunication): Ensures optimal, fair, and rational use of the radio frequency spectrum, including satellite orbits, global managing, and equal spectrum use.
  • ITU-D (Development): Supports developing nations by building telecommunication capacity and promoting wider access. Assists in broadband strategies, policies, and network/service regulations.

ITU-T Work on Broadband

• A crucial role in defining operation and interoperability of technologies underpinning global communication networks.
• Standards enable global communications by ensuring ICT networks and devices speak the same language globally.
• They are responsible for efficient and timely production of standards covering fields in telecommunications and ICTs, along with establishing tariff and accounting principles for international telecommunication services.

Applications of ITU-T

• ITU-T performs standardization in areas related to broadband Internet, such as IPTV, internet of things, cloud computing, and IPv4 to IPv6 transition.

ITU-R Work on Broadband

• Manages radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbits globally.
• Ensures spectrum accommodates increased demand.
• Coordinates orbital slots to prevent radio interference, ensuring smooth functionality of satellite services.
• Developed IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000), commonly known as 3G (third generation) mobile standards.
• Defined requirements for 4G mobile systems (next generation networks).
• All compliant mobile standards are classified as 4G (e.g., LTE-Advanced, Mobile WiMAX 2.0).

ITU-D Work on Broadband

• Promotes equitable and affordable access to telecommunications.
• Facilitates social and economic development in developing and least developed countries.
• Supports countries to build up local and regional capacity for broadband investments and deployment.
• Aims to enable global benefit in individual lives and society in general.
• Ultimately, the goal is to connect everyone worldwide via broadband.

DSL and Cable Access Networks

• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): A communication technology that uses existing telephone lines to deliver broadband. A type of frequency division multiplexing (FDM). Works by transferring the POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) and ADSL signals to the users. A splitter is used to ensure operation of POTS even if ADSL fails.
• DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer): A multiplexer of DSLs on the operator side.
• ADSL frequency bands: Dedicated bands for upstream (uplink, 4-25kHz) and downstream (downlink, 138-1104kHz). Standard is 0-4kHz.
• ADSL modulation: Uses discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. Separates the signal into many smaller channels to increase capacity.
• ADSL access architecture: Involves modems, concentration units, and splitters to connect users in a network.
• Cable Access Network: Use coaxial cable as a transport media. Initially designed for TV (analog and digital). Today, focus shifted to triple play which combines telephony (VoIP), TV, and data services. Uses two-way data transmission.

Mobile Broadband: Next Generation Mobile Networks

• ITU defines the next generation mobile networks as 4G.
• The networks focus on higher data rates for users and are considered mobile broadband networks and technologies.
• Requirements for 4G radio interface are specified in ITU's report (M.2134), known as IMT-Advanced.
• A similar approach was used for the definition of the third generation (3G) called IMT-2000.

Evolution of Mobile Broadband

• A timeline showing the development of mobile broadband technologies (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G).

4G Standard by 3GPP: LTE/LTE-Advanced

• LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard.
• Formally submitted to ITU in late 2009.
• Approved as a fully 4G standard in 2011 by 3GPP.
• Main enhancement of the LTE standard, allowing higher capacity and speed
• Commercially implemented in 2012 by Russian network Yota.
• Key features include peak data rates, spectrum efficiency, spectrum use, and latency.

4G Standard by IEEE: WiMAX 2.0

• Mobile WiMAX is a mobile version of fixed WiMAX.
• Lacks behind 3GPP technologies.
• Has some compatibility with 2G and 3G systems. Also compatible with LTE, and LTE-Advanced due to having evolved core architecture and services continuity.

4G Standard by IEEE: WiMAX 2.0 Architecture

• A diagram showing the components of a mobile WiMAX network architecture.
• Shows the functional environment that supports transparent transfer of different services and implementations of new services.
• Emphasizes convergence, integration of technologies like LTE-Advanced

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

• NGN IMS supports SIP-based and some PSTN/ISDN services.

Quality of Service in WiMAX Networks

• Types of service flow and their related traffic - UGS, rtPS, ertPS, nrtPS, BE, aGP.

Next Generation Mobile Services - Mobile TV

• Methods of providing IPTV over WiMAX and WiFi, especially in home environments

Next Generation Mobile Services - Multicast Broadcast Multimedia System (MBMS)

-Provides the same multimedia content to multiple users within a cell or multiple cells. Allows shared Network resources.

Next Generation Mobile Services - Location-Based Services (LBS)

• Personalized services adjusted to real-time user location
• Two primary approaches to implement location data processing.

LBS Companies

• List of companies involved in location-based services, categorized based on chipset, software and system providers