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Questions and Answers

How did Athens and Sparta differ?

Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy, with different focuses on education and military.

How did Greece's geography affect its development?

The mountainous region created natural barriers, aiding trade and transportation.

How was Spartan society oriented to producing a militant people?

Spartan society focused on raising strong boys for military service from the age of 7.

What is a polis?

<p>Greek city-states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does citizenship mean in the context of ancient Greece?

<p>Free people all had a say in government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is democracy?

<p>The people and the power of rule—rule by the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spartiates?

<p>Sparta aristocrats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are perioeci?

<p>Sparta middle class, farmers, and craftsmen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are helots?

<p>Sparta serfs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is krypteia?

<p>Secret police who kept helots in check.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cult of Kingship?

<p>Helps make absolute monarchs in Persia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ahura Mazda?

<p>Persian god associated with absolute monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are satraps?

<p>Persian governors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a city-state?

<p>Small settlements within a country ruled independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hoplites?

<p>Infantrymen or soldiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the function of the Council of Elders in Sparta?

<p>Provided political leadership and consisted of 28 men over the age of 60.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Greco-Persian Wars?

<p>War between the Greeks and Persians from 492 to 449 BCE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the East/West Divide represent?

<p>Despotism vs democracy/freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Philip II?

<p>Macedonian ruler who strengthened Macedonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Alexander the Great?

<p>Philip's son and a prominent king and general.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Macedonia?

<p>A country north of Greece that conquered Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hellenistic Era?

<p>A widespread dissemination of Greek culture from 323 to 30 BCE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bactria?

<p>An ancient civilization of Iranian people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Great Silk Road?

<p>The major route for silk trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mystery religions?

<p>Religions featuring rituals and beliefs kept secret from non-followers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Epicureanism?

<p>A Greek philosophy founded by Epicurus emphasizing contentment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Stoicism?

<p>A philosophy founded by Zeno, advocating living in accordance with nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heliocentric theory?

<p>The belief that the Earth revolves around the Sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Herophilus?

<p>Greece's first anatomist who made significant discoveries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Delian League?

<p>An alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the structure of Spartan democracy?

<p>Two kings, ephors, gerousia, and the assembly of wealthy landowners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Peloponnesian War?

<p>A conflict where Sparta feared Athens’ rising power, ultimately resulting in Spartan victory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Athens vs. Sparta

  • Athens operated as a democracy valuing education and civic participation, while Sparta was an oligarchy focused on militaristic training.
  • Spartan society prioritized raising strong male warriors from a young age (beginning at age 7), contrasting with Athens's broader educational goals.
  • Women in Sparta had more rights and were respected for their role in producing strong offspring.

Geography of Greece

  • Mountainous terrain created natural barriers, leading to distinct and independent city-states (poleis).
  • Proximity to the sea facilitated trade and cultural exchange, which contributed to the spread of Greek civilization as far as India.

Spartan Society

  • Spartan culture emphasized athleticism and military prowess, shaping boys into soldiers.
  • Spartan women were encouraged to be fit to ensure robust offspring, reflecting the society's commitment to military strength.
  • Material wealth was de-emphasized, with a focus on bravery and honor in combat.

Key Terms

  • Polis: Independent Greek city-states.
  • Citizenship: Included free individuals participating in governance.
  • Democracy: Government system where power rests with the people.
  • Spartiates: Elite Spartan aristocrats.
  • Perioeci: Middle class in Sparta, including farmers and craftsmen.
  • Helots: Subjugated population working the land in Spartan society.
  • Krypteia: Secret police responsible for controlling the Helots.

Persian Governance and Religion

  • Cult of Kingship: Concept supporting absolute monarchy in Persia.
  • Ahura Mazda: Supremem deity of Persian religion, symbolizing divine kingship.
  • Satraps: Governors managing Persian provinces.

City-States and Warfare

  • City-State: Independent settlements within a country.
  • Hoplites: Infantry soldiers in Greek warfare.
  • Council of Elders: Spartan governing body comprising men over 60.
  • Greco-Persian Wars: A series of conflicts (492–449 BCE) where the Greeks triumphed against a larger Persian army.

Cultural and Historical Figures

  • Philip II: Macedonian ruler who consolidated power and strengthened Macedonia.
  • Alexander the Great: Son of Philip; expanded the Macedonian empire and spread Greek culture but left a fragmented empire posthumously.
  • Macedonia: Northern Greek kingdom that conquered Greece.

Era and Trade

  • Hellenistic Era: Period (323–30 BCE) of extensive Greek cultural influence following Alexander's conquests.
  • Bactria: Ancient Iranian civilization significant in trade.
  • Great Silk Road: Major trade route facilitating the exchange of silk and other goods.

Philosophical Movements

  • Mystery Religions: Cults offering secret rites and beliefs, appealing due to promises of an afterlife.
  • Epicureanism: Philosophical doctrine claiming that happiness is achieved through a life free of pain and filled with pleasure.
  • Stoicism: Philosophy asserting happiness is found in living in harmony with nature's laws.

Scientific Advancements

  • Heliocentric Theory: Concept proposing that the Earth revolves around the sun.
  • Herophilus: The first anatomist in Greece who made significant contributions to anatomy.

Athenian and Spartan Governance Structures

  • Athenian Democracy: Evolved from the assembly of citizens to various governing bodies.
  • Spartan Governance: Twin kingship combined with the Gerousia (Council of Elders) and the assembly of wealthy landowners.

Peloponnesian War

  • Conflict arising from tension between the powerful Athens and fear of Spartan dominance.
  • Resulted in Spartan victory, but left both city-states militarily weakened and altered Greek warfare towards naval strategies.

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