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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the thin, fibrous sac that encases the heart?
What is the name of the thin, fibrous sac that encases the heart?
Pericardium
What is the name of the middle layer of the heart, made up of muscle fibers?
What is the name of the middle layer of the heart, made up of muscle fibers?
Myocardium
What are the two major types of heart valves?
What are the two major types of heart valves?
- Tricuspid and mitral
- Atrioventricular and semilunar (correct)
- Pulmonary and aortic
- Left atrial and right atrial
What is the primary role of the SA node?
What is the primary role of the SA node?
What is the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute called?
What is the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute called?
The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole is called preload.
The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole is called preload.
What is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle?
What is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle?
What three factors primarily determine cardiac output?
What three factors primarily determine cardiac output?
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
What is the name of the specialized cells that make up the myocardium?
What is the name of the specialized cells that make up the myocardium?
Depolarization is the electrical activation of a cell.
Depolarization is the electrical activation of a cell.
Repolarization is the return of the cell to its resting state.
Repolarization is the return of the cell to its resting state.
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the main difference between stable and unstable angina?
What is the main difference between stable and unstable angina?
The most common manifestation of myocardial ischemia is the onset of chest pain.
The most common manifestation of myocardial ischemia is the onset of chest pain.
Why is it important to diagnose and treat myocardial infarction promptly?
Why is it important to diagnose and treat myocardial infarction promptly?
The most common cause of heart inflammation is viruses or bacteria.
The most common cause of heart inflammation is viruses or bacteria.
What does a normal ECG waveform reflect the function of?
What does a normal ECG waveform reflect the function of?
The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the left atrium.
The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the left atrium.
When the electrical impulse travels through the AV node, the electrical impulse is sped up.
When the electrical impulse travels through the AV node, the electrical impulse is sped up.
The electrical impulse travels quickly through the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, which are located within the ventricle walls.
The electrical impulse travels quickly through the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, which are located within the ventricle walls.
The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization.
The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization.
What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?
What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?
What part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization?
What part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization?
What is the measurement from the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the next P wave called?
What is the measurement from the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the next P wave called?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the process called when air flows in and out of the alveoli?
What is the process called when air flows in and out of the alveoli?
What is the name of the part of the respiratory system that sits behind the oral and nasal cavities?
What is the name of the part of the respiratory system that sits behind the oral and nasal cavities?
What is the name of the flap of cartilage that sits above the trachea and prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?
What is the name of the flap of cartilage that sits above the trachea and prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable lung disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable lung disease.
Emphysema is a destructive lung disease that affects the walls of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tubes, in the bottom of the lung.
Emphysema is a destructive lung disease that affects the walls of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tubes, in the bottom of the lung.
What does the term "blue bloater" commonly refer to?
What does the term "blue bloater" commonly refer to?
What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?
What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?
What is the name of the condition where there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue and alveolar spaces?
What is the name of the condition where there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue and alveolar spaces?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a severe inflammatory process causing diffuse alveolar damage, increasing bilateral infiltrates on CXR, and unresponsive to oxygen supplementation, resulting in progressive pulmonary edema.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a severe inflammatory process causing diffuse alveolar damage, increasing bilateral infiltrates on CXR, and unresponsive to oxygen supplementation, resulting in progressive pulmonary edema.
What are the two main types of pleural effusion?
What are the two main types of pleural effusion?
The most common cause of pneumonia is infection.
The most common cause of pneumonia is infection.
What are the two main types of pneumonia, based on where they are acquired?
What are the two main types of pneumonia, based on where they are acquired?
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that only occurs in patients who have been intubated and mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that only occurs in patients who have been intubated and mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.
Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition, but often has no symptoms.
Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition, but often has no symptoms.
What is the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among the Caucasian population?
What is the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among the Caucasian population?
The most common bacterial cause of CAP is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
The most common bacterial cause of CAP is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
What are the four major categories of cardiac arrhythmias?
What are the four major categories of cardiac arrhythmias?
What are three common signs of respiratory distress?
What are three common signs of respiratory distress?
Status asthmaticus is a severe asthma condition with symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and can be life-threatening.
Status asthmaticus is a severe asthma condition with symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and can be life-threatening.
Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) typically occurs within the first 48 hours after hospitalization.
Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) typically occurs within the first 48 hours after hospitalization.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that affects the lungs.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that affects the lungs.
What are the two main types of heart failure?
What are the two main types of heart failure?
The most common malignancy associated with a pleural effusion is lung cancer.
The most common malignancy associated with a pleural effusion is lung cancer.
What are the two main types of varicose veins?
What are the two main types of varicose veins?
What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the lining of the heart chambers and valves?
What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the lining of the heart chambers and valves?
What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the sac around the heart?
What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the sac around the heart?
The primary cause of a pneumothorax is trauma.
The primary cause of a pneumothorax is trauma.
Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.
Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.
Most cases of atelectasis will resolve on their own with conservative management.
Most cases of atelectasis will resolve on their own with conservative management.
Flashcards
Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular Disorders
Conditions affecting the heart and its blood vessels.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen.
Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart Failure
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Buerger's Disease
Buerger's Disease
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Raynaud's Phenomenon
Raynaud's Phenomenon
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Heart Valves
Heart Valves
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
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Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
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Preload
Preload
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Afterload
Afterload
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Cardiac Action Potential
Cardiac Action Potential
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Refractory Period
Refractory Period
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Pulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disorders
- Myocardial Infarction (MI) is the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygenated blood flow.
- Angina Pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Pulmonary Disorders
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disease of airflow obstruction involving the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both.
- Bronchial Asthma (BA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and mucus production.
- Pneumonia is an inflammatory process involving the terminal airways and alveoli of the lungs caused by various microorganisms.
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma.
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory process that causes diffused alveolar damage and progressive pulmonary edema.
Other
- Pleural Effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
- Atelectasis is the collapse or airless condition of all or part of the lung.
- Pneumothorax is air in the pleural space, often occurring spontaneously or from trauma.
- Hemothorax is blood in the pleural space, often accompanying chest trauma.
- Flail Chest is a loss of stability of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures.
- Cardiac Tamponade is compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial space.
- Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is obstruction of a pulmonary artery often by a blood clot originating in the deep veins of the legs or the right side of the heart.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the thigh or calf.
- Varicose Veins (Varicosities) are abnormally dilated, tortuous, superficial veins caused by incompetent venous valves.
- Endocarditis is inflammation of the endocardium causing deformity, insufficiency, or stenosis of heart valves.
- Myocarditis is acute or chronic inflammation of the cardiac muscle.
- Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium.
- Arrhythmias are disorders of the electrical impulse conduction in the heart.
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