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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the thin, fibrous sac that encases the heart?

Pericardium

What is the name of the middle layer of the heart, made up of muscle fibers?

Myocardium

What are the two major types of heart valves?

Tricuspid and mitral

Atrioventricular and semilunar (correct)

Pulmonary and aortic

Left atrial and right atrial

What is the primary role of the SA node?

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute called?

Cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole is called preload.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle?

Afterload Signup and view all the answers

What three factors primarily determine cardiac output?

Preload, afterload, and contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

Supply arterial blood to the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the specialized cells that make up the myocardium?

Myocytes Signup and view all the answers

Depolarization is the electrical activation of a cell.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Repolarization is the return of the cell to its resting state.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?

Abnormal accumulation of lipid or fatty substances and fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessel walls. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between stable and unstable angina?

Stable angina is predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin. Unstable angina is not relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin and may indicate an impending myocardial infarction. Signup and view all the answers

The most common manifestation of myocardial ischemia is the onset of chest pain.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to diagnose and treat myocardial infarction promptly?

Because it can lead to death of heart tissue. Signup and view all the answers

The most common cause of heart inflammation is viruses or bacteria.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal ECG waveform reflect the function of?

The heart's conduction system. Signup and view all the answers

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the left atrium.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

When the electrical impulse travels through the AV node, the electrical impulse is sped up.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The electrical impulse travels quickly through the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, which are located within the ventricle walls.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?

Ventricular depolarization. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

The T wave. Signup and view all the answers

What is the measurement from the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the next P wave called?

PP interval. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when air flows in and out of the alveoli?

Ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the part of the respiratory system that sits behind the oral and nasal cavities?

Pharynx. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the flap of cartilage that sits above the trachea and prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?

Epiglottis. Signup and view all the answers

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable lung disease.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Emphysema is a destructive lung disease that affects the walls of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tubes, in the bottom of the lung.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "blue bloater" commonly refer to?

Chronic bronchitis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?

Cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue and alveolar spaces?

Pulmonary edema. Signup and view all the answers

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a severe inflammatory process causing diffuse alveolar damage, increasing bilateral infiltrates on CXR, and unresponsive to oxygen supplementation, resulting in progressive pulmonary edema.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of pleural effusion?

Pneumothorax and hemothorax. Signup and view all the answers

The most common cause of pneumonia is infection.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of pneumonia, based on where they are acquired?

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Signup and view all the answers

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that only occurs in patients who have been intubated and mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition, but often has no symptoms.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among the Caucasian population?

Cystic fibrosis (CF). Signup and view all the answers

The most common bacterial cause of CAP is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major categories of cardiac arrhythmias?

Bradycardia, tachycardia, premature beats, and fibrillation. Signup and view all the answers

What are three common signs of respiratory distress?

Dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. Signup and view all the answers

Status asthmaticus is a severe asthma condition with symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and can be life-threatening.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) typically occurs within the first 48 hours after hospitalization.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that affects the lungs.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of heart failure?

Left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

The most common malignancy associated with a pleural effusion is lung cancer.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of varicose veins?

Primary varicose veins and secondary varicose veins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the lining of the heart chambers and valves?

Endocarditis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the sac around the heart?

Pericarditis. Signup and view all the answers

The primary cause of a pneumothorax is trauma.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Most cases of atelectasis will resolve on their own with conservative management.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders

Conditions affecting the heart and its blood vessels.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

Congestive Heart Failure

Heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Buerger's Disease

Recurring inflammation of the small arteries and veins in the extremities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Narrowing of arteries in response to cold or stress, reducing blood flow to extremities.

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Atherosclerosis

Build-up of plaque in artery walls, reducing blood flow.

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Heart Valves

Structures that regulate blood flow through the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Relays electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, coordinating heart contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stroke Volume

Blood ejected by a ventricle per heartbeat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preload

Stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers at diastole's end.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afterload

Resistance to blood ejection from the ventricles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Action Potential

Electrical changes for a cardiac cell's contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Refractory Period

Time a cardiac cell is unresponsive to another stimulus.

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Pulmonary Disorders

Conditions affecting the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Progressive lung diseases (e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disorders

Myocardial Infarction (MI) is the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygenated blood flow.
Angina Pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Pulmonary Disorders

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disease of airflow obstruction involving the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both.
Bronchial Asthma (BA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and mucus production.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory process involving the terminal airways and alveoli of the lungs caused by various microorganisms.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory process that causes diffused alveolar damage and progressive pulmonary edema.

Other

Pleural Effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
Atelectasis is the collapse or airless condition of all or part of the lung.
Pneumothorax is air in the pleural space, often occurring spontaneously or from trauma.
Hemothorax is blood in the pleural space, often accompanying chest trauma.
Flail Chest is a loss of stability of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures.
Cardiac Tamponade is compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial space.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is obstruction of a pulmonary artery often by a blood clot originating in the deep veins of the legs or the right side of the heart.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the thigh or calf.
Varicose Veins (Varicosities) are abnormally dilated, tortuous, superficial veins caused by incompetent venous valves.
Endocarditis is inflammation of the endocardium causing deformity, insufficiency, or stenosis of heart valves.
Myocarditis is acute or chronic inflammation of the cardiac muscle.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium.
Arrhythmias are disorders of the electrical impulse conduction in the heart.

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the thin, fibrous sac that encases the heart?

What is the name of the middle layer of the heart, made up of muscle fibers?

What are the two major types of heart valves?

What is the primary role of the SA node?

What is the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute called?

The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole is called preload.

What is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle?

What three factors primarily determine cardiac output?

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

What is the name of the specialized cells that make up the myocardium?

Depolarization is the electrical activation of a cell.

Repolarization is the return of the cell to its resting state.

What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?

What is the main difference between stable and unstable angina?

The most common manifestation of myocardial ischemia is the onset of chest pain.

Why is it important to diagnose and treat myocardial infarction promptly?

The most common cause of heart inflammation is viruses or bacteria.

What does a normal ECG waveform reflect the function of?

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the left atrium.

When the electrical impulse travels through the AV node, the electrical impulse is sped up.

The electrical impulse travels quickly through the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, which are located within the ventricle walls.

The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization.

What does the QRS complex represent on an ECG?

What part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

What is the measurement from the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the next P wave called?

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

What is the process called when air flows in and out of the alveoli?

What is the name of the part of the respiratory system that sits behind the oral and nasal cavities?

What is the name of the flap of cartilage that sits above the trachea and prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable lung disease.

Emphysema is a destructive lung disease that affects the walls of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tubes, in the bottom of the lung.

What does the term "blue bloater" commonly refer to?

What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?

What is the name of the condition where there is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue and alveolar spaces?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a severe inflammatory process causing diffuse alveolar damage, increasing bilateral infiltrates on CXR, and unresponsive to oxygen supplementation, resulting in progressive pulmonary edema.

What are the two main types of pleural effusion?

The most common cause of pneumonia is infection.

What are the two main types of pneumonia, based on where they are acquired?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that only occurs in patients who have been intubated and mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.

Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition, but often has no symptoms.

What is the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among the Caucasian population?

The most common bacterial cause of CAP is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

What are the four major categories of cardiac arrhythmias?

What are three common signs of respiratory distress?

Status asthmaticus is a severe asthma condition with symptoms that do not respond to conventional therapy and can be life-threatening.

Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) typically occurs within the first 48 hours after hospitalization.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that affects the lungs.

What are the two main types of heart failure?

The most common malignancy associated with a pleural effusion is lung cancer.

What are the two main types of varicose veins?

What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the lining of the heart chambers and valves?

What is the name of the condition where there is an inflammation of the sac around the heart?

The primary cause of a pneumothorax is trauma.

Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space.

Most cases of atelectasis will resolve on their own with conservative management.

Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Angina Pectoris

Congestive Heart Failure

Buerger's Disease

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Atherosclerosis

Heart Valves

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Cardiac Output

Stroke Volume

Preload

Afterload

Cardiac Action Potential

Refractory Period

Pulmonary Disorders

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disorders