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The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of 10 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of 10 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™.
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The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. It is not intended to represent the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management.
The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. It is not intended to represent the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management.
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To claim AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ upon completion of this activity, learners must demonstrate appropriate knowledge and participation in the activity by taking the posttest for Section 1 and achieving a score of 80% or higher.
To claim AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ upon completion of this activity, learners must demonstrate appropriate knowledge and participation in the activity by taking the posttest for Section 1 and achieving a score of 80% or higher.
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The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate, informed patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate, informed patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
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Which of the following statement(s) is/are NOT true regarding financial disclosures in the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC)?:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are NOT true regarding financial disclosures in the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC)?:
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Who is the BCSC Course Chair?
Who is the BCSC Course Chair?
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Which of the following are NOT committees for the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC)? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are NOT committees for the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC)? (Select all that apply)
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What is the most important anthropometric factor associated with hypertensive risk?
What is the most important anthropometric factor associated with hypertensive risk?
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Which of these is NOT a recommended initial drug choice for nonblack patients with hypertension?
Which of these is NOT a recommended initial drug choice for nonblack patients with hypertension?
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Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of β-blockers?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of β-blockers?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of hypertension?
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What is the name of the most common form of thyroid tumor?
What is the name of the most common form of thyroid tumor?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperthyroidism?
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What is the classification of diabetes that is characterized by a deficiency in endogenous insulin secretion?
What is the classification of diabetes that is characterized by a deficiency in endogenous insulin secretion?
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What clinical criteria are used to classify the levels of hypertension?
What clinical criteria are used to classify the levels of hypertension?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus?
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The total economic impact of diabetes in the United States was $254 billion in 2012.
The total economic impact of diabetes in the United States was $254 billion in 2012.
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What is the primary goal of antihypertensive therapy?
What is the primary goal of antihypertensive therapy?
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ACE inhibitors are generally considered the most effective drugs to reduce afterload and improve the outcomes for patients with high blood pressure.
ACE inhibitors are generally considered the most effective drugs to reduce afterload and improve the outcomes for patients with high blood pressure.
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The most common cause of death in patients with heart failure is myocardial infarction.
The most common cause of death in patients with heart failure is myocardial infarction.
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The use of a statin is recommended, regardless of cholesterol level, for any patient at significant risk for vascular events.
The use of a statin is recommended, regardless of cholesterol level, for any patient at significant risk for vascular events.
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Smoking remains the number-one preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Smoking remains the number-one preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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What are the primary goals of treatment of a patient diagnosed with ischemic heart disease?
What are the primary goals of treatment of a patient diagnosed with ischemic heart disease?
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The primary treatment for stable angina pectoris is β-blockers.
The primary treatment for stable angina pectoris is β-blockers.
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The use of aspirin in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis that is at least 60% is recommended.
The use of aspirin in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis that is at least 60% is recommended.
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Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment option for patients with left ventricular hypertrophy?
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment option for patients with left ventricular hypertrophy?
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
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The most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is α-hemolytic streptococci.
The most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is α-hemolytic streptococci.
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The most common type of chronic thyroiditis is Hashimoto thyroiditis.
The most common type of chronic thyroiditis is Hashimoto thyroiditis.
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The recommended oral medication for treating a patient with type 2 diabetes is metformin.
The recommended oral medication for treating a patient with type 2 diabetes is metformin.
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The use of oral corticosteroids in those with non-meningeal histoplasmosis has been replaced by ketoconazole.
The use of oral corticosteroids in those with non-meningeal histoplasmosis has been replaced by ketoconazole.
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The only treatment for sickle cell disease is a bone marrow transplant.
The only treatment for sickle cell disease is a bone marrow transplant.
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The most common cause of death in patients with Behçet disease is arterial aneurysm.
The most common cause of death in patients with Behçet disease is arterial aneurysm.
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Acyclovir is the most common anti-viral drug for treating Herpes zoster viral infections and is most often used for treating ocular infections.
Acyclovir is the most common anti-viral drug for treating Herpes zoster viral infections and is most often used for treating ocular infections.
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In the United States, it is recommended that all adults born between 1945 and 1965 receive a one-time test for hepatitis C.
In the United States, it is recommended that all adults born between 1945 and 1965 receive a one-time test for hepatitis C.
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In patients with active HIV infection, it is recommended to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately.
In patients with active HIV infection, it is recommended to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately.
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There is no evidence that combining a statin with fenofibrate is effective in treating diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
There is no evidence that combining a statin with fenofibrate is effective in treating diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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The primary risk factor for the development of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus is an elevated blood pressure.
The primary risk factor for the development of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus is an elevated blood pressure.
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The risk of developing a new case of legal blindness among those with diabetes mellitus is significantly higher than the rates seen in the general population.
The risk of developing a new case of legal blindness among those with diabetes mellitus is significantly higher than the rates seen in the general population.
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The presence of a carotid bruit is a better predictor of arteriosclerotic disease than of stroke.
The presence of a carotid bruit is a better predictor of arteriosclerotic disease than of stroke.
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The gold standard for diagnosing a ruptured aneurysm is a lumbar puncture.
The gold standard for diagnosing a ruptured aneurysm is a lumbar puncture.
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The most common type of congenital aneurysm is a berry aneurysm.
The most common type of congenital aneurysm is a berry aneurysm.
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The FDA recommends that ophthalmologists perform yearly screening for retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.
The FDA recommends that ophthalmologists perform yearly screening for retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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The ophthalmologist is the first health care professional to diagnose a complication from a patient's diabetes mellitus.
The ophthalmologist is the first health care professional to diagnose a complication from a patient's diabetes mellitus.
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The most frequent and common cause of death in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is myocardial infarction.
The most frequent and common cause of death in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is myocardial infarction.
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Patients who are deemed not susceptible to developing a hypercoagulable state should not receive prophylactic doses of isoniazid.
Patients who are deemed not susceptible to developing a hypercoagulable state should not receive prophylactic doses of isoniazid.
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Multidrug resistance to antibiotics has become an increasing problem in patients with AIDS.
Multidrug resistance to antibiotics has become an increasing problem in patients with AIDS.
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The most common type of pneumonia in patients with AIDS is Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).
The most common type of pneumonia in patients with AIDS is Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).
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The current best treatment for those with HIV infection is a bone marrow transplant.
The current best treatment for those with HIV infection is a bone marrow transplant.
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Study Notes
BCSC Section 1, Update on General Medicine
- 2015-2016 Basic and Clinical Science Course
- Published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology
- Part of a larger course, and reviewed by various committees
Faculty and Disclosures
- The book includes a list of faculty members
- Committees involved in the review process
- Details provided about any financial relationships between authors / reviewers and any entities discussed in the course
Contents
- The book includes various chapters related to medical topics, with a focus on ophthalmology
Chapter 1, Using Statistics in Clinical Practice
- Researching answers to clinical questions is the first step in resolving a diagnostic or management issue
- Examples related to Ophthalmology: Prevalence of glaucoma in African Americans, Racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States, Expected survival of a corneal graft in a patient with Fuchs dystrophy, and more
- Clinicians can use several sources to research the answers, including textbooks, journals, and online databases such as PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed)
- This section explains different types of studies, such as case reports, case series, case-control studies, and cohort studies
- Crucial questions in study evaluation: sample size, clear description of study participants, reproducibility of intervention, and clearly defined and reliable outcomes.
- Follow-up length considerations
- Study design considerations.
Chapter 2, Endocrine Disorders
- Discusses the recent developments in the understanding and treatment of endocrine disorders
- Includes diabetes mellitus, disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, thyroid disease, pituitary adenomas, and more.
- Provides information on the physiology, testing, and management aspects of these conditions.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations for each disorder, where appropriate.
- Discusses prevention and management of endocrine disorders.
Chapter 3, Hypertension
- Information on recent developments in hypertension, including etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, evaluation of patients, and lifestyle/pharmacologic treatment.
- Provides a comprehensive approach to hypertension management.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations related to hypertension as a risk factor for various eye conditions.
Chapter 4, Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk
- Recent developments in hypercholesterolemia and its relationship with CVD(Cardiovascular Disease)
- Discusses treatment of hypercholesterolemia, including lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic treatment (eg, statins).
- Risk assessment and management strategies, including the role of statins.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations related to the link between hypercholesterolemia and various eye conditions.
Chapter 5, Acquired Heart Disease
- Recent developments in the understanding and treatment of acquired heart diseases: ischemic heart disease, and related conditions.
- Discusses the pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnostic procedures, and management strategies related to these conditions.
- Details information about specific diseases and provides recommendations for preventing and treating those diseases, and their respective related complications.
Chapter 6, Cerebrovascular Disease
- Recent developments, introduction, cerebral ischemia, diagnosis, and management.
- Covers carotid occlusive disease and intracranial hemorrhage
- Provides recommended treatment options and approaches for managing stroke and TIAs
Chapter 7, Pulmonary Diseases
- Recent developments in the understanding and treatment of pulmonary diseases, including obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
- Discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic tools, and management strategies.
- Describes important aspects like the characteristics of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, as well as their prevalence, etiology, and epidemiology in detail.
Chapter 8, Hematologic Disorders
- Recent developments in the understanding and management of hematologic disorders, including anemia and disorders of hemostasis.
- Discusses disorders of blood composition and erythropoiesis
- Explains the different types of anemia and methods of diagnosis (including blood tests and peripheral smear evaluation)
- Covers various hematologic disorders, such as iron deficiency anemia, inflammatory anemia, thalassemia, and disorders of hemostasis.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations related to hematologic disorders.
Chapter 9, Rheumatic Disorders
- Recent developments in the management of rheumatic disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, and more.
- Discusses different types of rheumatic disorders, their pathophysiology, manifestations, and management.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations, such as the association of uveitis and other ocular symptoms with different rheumatic diseases.
Chapter 10, Geriatrics
- Discusses the increasing prevalence of the elderly population and its implications, including the unique needs of older patients with impaired vision.
- Discusses physiologic aging and the associated ophthalmic manifestations, such as cataracts, AMD, glaucoma, and more
- Includes considerations about patient evaluation and management, including possible visual rehabilitation.
Chapter 11, Behavioral and Neurological Disorders
- Recent developments in the understanding and treatment of behavioral and neurological disorders such as anxiety disorders, major depression, and more
- Discusses the pathophysiology, manifestations, and management of these conditions.
- Includes ophthalmic considerations associated with some medications used in treating these conditions.
Chapter 12, Preventive Medicine
- Recent developments in the understanding and management of preventive medicine, especially screening procedures for various systemic diseases
- Covers screening procedures for various diseases, such as colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, and more.
- Outlines different screening methods and their significance.
- Covers the rationale behind screening and specific recommendations for different age groups that are at high risk.
Chapter 13, Cancer
- Recent developments in the treatment of cancer, including biologic therapies, stem cell biology, and more precise molecular targets.
- Covers various types of cancers, including risk factors, etiology, diagnosis, and management.
Chapter 14, Infectious Diseases
- Recent developments in the understanding and treatment of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases.
- Provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of various infectious diseases.
- Reviews microorganisms, and strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating them, including specific treatment protocols.
Chapter 15, Perioperative Management in Ocular Surgery
- Provides information about various preoperative considerations and intraoperative management in ocular surgery for better patient outcomes.
- Discusses assessment procedures for patient history and physical examination, important aspects of preoperative testing, the process of avoiding intraoperative complications.
- Identifies systemic medications and any potential ocular adverse effects given in the table
- Discusses managing patients with coexisting general medical conditions during ocular surgical procedures.
Chapter 16, Medical Emergencies and Ocular Adverse Effects of Systemic Medications.
- Recent developments in cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols and their application in ophthalmic practice
- Provides the relevant steps for patients with circulatory failure, respiratory failure, or both, including diagnosis, patient assessment, and the respective treatment steps.
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