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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? (Select all that apply)

Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula.

Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy.

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Working backwards is an example of an algorithm. (correct)

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of functional fixedness.

None of the concepts occur in preindustrial societies.

All of the concepts are examples of problem-solving strategies.

All of the concepts are examples of mental set. (correct)

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.'

The word 'Fluid' should be changed to the word 'Crystallized.' (correct)

The word 'retrieve' should be changed to the word 'practice.'

The word 'acquired' should be changed to the word 'practiced.'

The word 'intelligence' should be changed to the word 'intellect.'

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory Signup and view all the answers

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children Signup and view all the answers

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization.'

The placement of the phrases 'Level I' and 'Level II' should be switched. Signup and view all the answers

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores Signup and view all the answers

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, 'How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?'

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans. Signup and view all the answers

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. Signup and view all the answers

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. (Select one)

Thinking Signup and view all the answers

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. (Select one)

Concepts Signup and view all the answers

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. (Select one)

Prototype Signup and view all the answers

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. (Select one)

Artificial Signup and view all the answers

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. (Select one)

Schema Signup and view all the answers

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. (Select one)

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. (Select one)

Event Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? (Select one)

Language Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? (Select one)

Lexicon Signup and view all the answers

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. (Select one)

Phoneme Signup and view all the answers

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. (Select one)

Morpheme Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? (Select one)

Semantics Signup and view all the answers

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as 'I see.' (Select one)

18 to 24 Signup and view all the answers

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. (Select one)

Mental set Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? (Select one)

Functional fixedness Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias? (Select one)

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. (Select one)

Divided intelligence into two components Signup and view all the answers

________ intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. (Select one)

Creative Signup and view all the answers

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. (Select one)

Analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? (Select one)

Robert Sternberg Signup and view all the answers

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. (Select one)

Integrate Signup and view all the answers

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. (Select one)

Consciously experienced Signup and view all the answers

and are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. (Select two)

Emotion Signup and view all the answers

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. (Select one)

Thoughts Signup and view all the answers

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: and . (Select two)

Natural Signup and view all the answers

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. (Select one)

Experiences Signup and view all the answers

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. (Select one)

Grammar Signup and view all the answers

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. (Select one)

I Signup and view all the answers

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. (Select one)

Natural Signup and view all the answers

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. (Select one)

Indirect Signup and view all the answers

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. (Select one)

Role Signup and view all the answers

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. (Select one)

Babbling Signup and view all the answers

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? (Select one)

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf Signup and view all the answers

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________. (Select one)

Mental set Signup and view all the answers

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. (Select one)

One piece of information versus all of the information Signup and view all the answers

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above-average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. (Select one)

Confirmation Signup and view all the answers

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. (Select one)

Hindsight bias Signup and view all the answers

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. (Select one)

Representational bias Signup and view all the answers

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. (Select one)

Availability heuristic Signup and view all the answers

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. (Select one)

Fluid Signup and view all the answers

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. (Select one)

Analytical Signup and view all the answers

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. (Select one)

Creative Signup and view all the answers

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. (Select one)

Practical Signup and view all the answers

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? (Select one)

Mild Signup and view all the answers

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, 'A Bear in the Woods,' and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. (Select one)

Linguistic Signup and view all the answers

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? (Select one)

Severe Signup and view all the answers

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. (Select one)

Logical-mathematical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? (Select one)

Sample size Signup and view all the answers

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. (Select one)

Musical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? (Select one)

Patriotism Signup and view all the answers

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? (Select one)

Bodily kinesthetic Signup and view all the answers

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. (Select one)

Automatic Signup and view all the answers

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? (Select one)

Interpersonal Signup and view all the answers

The following sentence misuses the word accept: 'I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing.' Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? (Select one)

Lexicon Signup and view all the answers

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. (Select one)

Spatial Signup and view all the answers

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? (Select one)

Dyslexia Signup and view all the answers

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, intelligence and intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. (Select two)

Interpersonal Signup and view all the answers

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? (Select one)

Dysgraphia Signup and view all the answers

What is the Flynn effect? (Select one)

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. Signup and view all the answers

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? (Select one)

12 months old Signup and view all the answers

Schemata are a(an) ________. (Select one)

Method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences.' (Select one)

The word 'prototype' should be changed to the word 'concept.' Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. (Select one)

Mastery of the grammatical aspects of language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics? (Select one)

The decision to be made is important Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language? (Select one)

It was not empirical. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition and Concepts

Cognition refers to the processes of thinking, understanding, and processing information.
Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, ideas, or memories related to experiences.
A prototype is the best example or representative of a concept.
Artificial concepts are defined by specific characteristics, such as basic shapes.
A schema is a mental construct that clusters related concepts.

Language and Communication

Language is a communication system governed by systematic rules for organizing words.
Lexicon refers to the vocabulary of a language.
A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language, while a morpheme is the smallest unit that conveys meaning.
Semantics is the process of deriving meaning from morphemes and words.

Language Development

By 18 to 24 months, children can use simple sentences like "I see."
Babbling occurs after the first few months of life, involving repetitive single syllables.
Children can only discriminate phonemes from their environment by age 12 months.

Mental Sets and Problem-Solving

A mental set involves using past strategies that may no longer be effective.
Functional fixedness is the inability to perceive an object being used for other than its intended purpose.
Confirmation bias focuses on information confirming existing beliefs.
Hindsight bias involves believing an event was predictable after it has occurred.

Intelligence Theories

Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into two components: fluid intelligence (problem-solving) and crystallized intelligence (acquired knowledge).
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory includes analytical intelligence (analyzing and evaluating), creative intelligence (inventing solutions), and practical intelligence (applying knowledge).
Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory includes interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences, often grouped as emotional intelligence.

Cognitive Biases

The availability heuristic affects perceptions of danger based on familiarity or recent exposure to information.
Event schemata are automatic and hard to change due to their nature.
Cultural influences can affect the likelihood of experiencing functional fixedness.

Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia impacts reading and spelling, while dysgraphia affects writing legibility and thought organization.
Mild intellectual disability allows independence in basic living; severe disability requires oversight in daily activities.

Flynn Effect

The Flynn effect is the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous one.

Attributes of Intelligence

Linguistic intelligence is exemplified by proficiency in language and writing.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is characterized by physical coordination and movement skills.
Logical-mathematical intelligence involves skill in reasoning and working with numbers.
Spatial intelligence pertains to visualizing and manipulating objects in space.

Other Concepts

Abstract complex concepts, like patriotism, are distinct from more concrete categories like dog breeds.
Algorithms are structured problem-solving strategies, while common biases can impact decision-making processes.
Schemata organize information for more efficient cognitive functioning.

Key Vocabulary

Phoneme, morpheme, lexicon, semantics, schema, cognitive bias, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, mental set, functional fixedness, and the Flynn effect are key terms central to understanding cognition and intelligence.### Intelligence in Various Contexts
Preindustrial countries experience intelligence differences less frequently compared to industrial nations.
In English-speaking countries, certain intelligence phenomena occur more often.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children includes four indices: perceptual reasoning, verbal comprehension, and working memory.
"Processing memory" is not one of the four indices.

Learning Disabilities and Cultural Fairness

Parents of African American students filed a case in 1979 in California over test biases.
They argued that the testing method was culturally unfair, as it used norms based on White children, impacting African American students' identification for special education.

IQ Testing Standards

The average IQ score is set at 100, with a standard deviation of 15 points.
An individual scoring 115 is classified as one standard deviation above the mean.

Subtypes of Intellectual Disability

Four subtypes of intellectual disability include mild, severe, and profound. "Modest" is not recognized as a subtype.

Arthur Jensen's Intelligence Theory

Jensen's theory categorized intelligence into two levels, with confusion existing over the labeling of "Level I" and "Level II."
The correct placement is to switch the definitions of Level I and Level II regarding abilities related to conceptual understanding and rote memorization.

Impact of Poverty on Intelligence

Children living in poverty often face pervasive daily stress, negatively affecting brain development and resulting in lower IQ scores.

Genetic Influences on Intelligence

The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggested a significant genetic component to intelligence based on twins' performance in diverse settings.

Controversial Claims by Arthur Jensen

Jensen controversially concluded that Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asian individuals, followed by Caucasians, and then African Americans.

ADHD and Learning Disabilities

A significant percentage (30-70%) of individuals diagnosed with ADHD also have a learning disability.

Howard Gardner's Theories

Gardner developed Multiple Intelligences Theory, positing that individuals possess at least eight different types of intelligence.
A false claim attributed to Gardner is the notion that he believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

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