Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two primary protocols of the Transport Layer?
What are the two primary protocols of the Transport Layer?
TCP and UDP
What does TCP stand for?
What does TCP stand for?
UDP is a connectionless protocol.
UDP is a connectionless protocol.
True
UDP is a connection-oriented protocol.
UDP is a connection-oriented protocol.
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What is the purpose of the checksum in a UDP segment?
What is the purpose of the checksum in a UDP segment?
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What is the purpose of the "Sequence Number" field in the TCP header?
What is the purpose of the "Sequence Number" field in the TCP header?
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What is the purpose of the "Acknowledgment Number" field in the TCP header?
What is the purpose of the "Acknowledgment Number" field in the TCP header?
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What type of traffic shaping algorithm converts bursty traffic into smooth traffic by averaging the data rate sent into the network?
What type of traffic shaping algorithm converts bursty traffic into smooth traffic by averaging the data rate sent into the network?
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What type of traffic shaping algorithm uses tokens to regulate the flow of traffic?
What type of traffic shaping algorithm uses tokens to regulate the flow of traffic?
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What are the advantages of the Token Bucket algorithm over the Leaky Bucket algorithm?
What are the advantages of the Token Bucket algorithm over the Leaky Bucket algorithm?
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Study Notes
Transport Layer in Depth
- The transport layer manages the delivery of data between applications
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are two primary protocols in this layer.
Transport Layer Protocols
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- Connection-oriented protocol
- Guarantees delivery of data packets
- Handles error recovery, retransmission
- Reliable delivery
- Useful for applications requiring reliable delivery, e.g. email, file sharing, web browsing
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UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Connectionless protocol
- No guarantees of delivery
- Faster than TCP, but less reliable
- Useful for applications tolerant to occasional data loss, e.g. video streaming, online gaming, DNS
UDP vs TCP
- UDP is connectionless, single packet transfer, no retransmission delay, suitable for real-time applications like VoIP and online games
- UDP does not perform segmentation or error correction
- TCP is connection-oriented, has error correction and reliable delivery, sequencing
Why UDP?
- Fast connection, latency is not an issue (no connection establishment)
- Simple: No connection state at sender/receiver
- Small segment header: Lower overhead per packet
UDP Segment Format
- Comprises Source Port, Destination Port, Length, Checksum, and Data fields
- Source and Destination Ports identify the applications
- Length specifies bytes in the UDP header and payload
- Checksum verifies data integrity, optional in IPv4, but mandatory in IPv6
TCP Header
- Contains Source Port, Destination Port, Sequence Number, Acknowledgement Number, Data Offset, Reserved, Flags, Window, Checksum, Urgent Pointer, and Options.
- Sequence and acknowledgment numbers track data packets
- Window size indicates the amount of data that can be transmitted
- Control flags manage data flow
Features of TCP
- Connection-oriented protocol
- Reliable point-to-point data transfer
- Full duplex
- Flow control (receiver controls sending rate)
- Congestion control (prevents sender from overwhelming network)
Three-Way Handshake Protocol
- Connection establishment process used by TCP
- Client sends SYN, server sends SYN/ACK, client responds with ACK
- Establishes a connection before data transfer
Quality of Service (QoS)
-
Leaky Bucket Algorithm
- Smooths bursty traffic by averaging the data rate
- Temporarily stores packets
- Sends packets to the network at a constant rate
-
Token Bucket Algorithm
- Enables more traffic than leaky bucket
- Provides tokens to regulate the transfer rate, packet can only be sent out when there are available tokens
- Avoid discarding packets when the network is congested
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