Chap 3 Part 2

Internet Protocols and Utility

• Ping (Packet Internet Groper) is a utility program that checks connections between a client computer and a TCP/IP network, showing the time it takes for a server to respond and the speed of the server and Internet at that moment.
• Tracert is a route tracking utility that allows users to follow the path of a message sent from a client to a remote computer on the Internet.

Internet Growth

• By 1997, there were 100 million Internet users, which grew to 2.3 billion users by 2012.
• Despite its growth, the Internet only reaches 30% of the world's population.
• The Internet's growth has been possible due to its highly extensible client/server computing model and hourglass, layered architecture.

The Hourglass Model of the Internet

• The hourglass model allows for indefinite growth, as servers and clients can be added without disturbing developments in other layers.

History of the Web

• The World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 as a multimedia environment for seamlessly linking documents over the Internet.
• Berners-Lee's design integrated two key ideas: hypertext (documents with interlinked text and media) and the distributed nature of the Internet.

Web Development Timeline

• 1990: Berners-Lee produced working prototypes of a Web server and browser.
• 1991: Berners-Lee made his software available for free over the Internet.
• 1993: Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina wrote the first graphical browser, Mosaic, which integrated text, images, and links, making browsing more intuitive.
• 1994: Andreesen founded Netscape, which marketed the Netscape Navigator.
• 1995: Microsoft released Internet Explorer, marking the beginning of the browser wars.

Web Servers and Web Clients

• Web server software enables a computer to deliver Web pages to clients on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request.
• Examples of web server software include Apache and Microsoft IIS.
• A web server responds to requests for Web pages and provides basic capabilities such as security services, FTP, search engine, and data capture.
• Specialized servers include database, video, mail, and ad servers.
• A web client is any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages.

Web Browsers

• Web browsers have the primary purpose of displaying Web pages.
• Market share of popular browsers: Internet Explorer (49%), Mozilla Firefox (18%), Google Chrome (17%), and Apple Safari (11%).
• Mozilla Firefox is an open-source browser.

Internet and Web Features

• Features that form the foundation of e-commerce include e-mail, instant messaging, search engines, online forums and chat, streaming media, and cookies.