Xhosa Wars Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following outcomes of the Cattle Killing movement with their descriptions:

300,000 to 400,000 cattle killed = Result of the prophecy's directive 20,000 Xhosa deaths = Consequences of famine 30,000 Xhosa seeking work = Dependence on settler farms Shift in relationship with British = Increased reliance on food aid

Match the following groups involved in the Cattle Killing with their roles:

Xhosa people = Perpetrators of the Cattle Killing British officials = Providers of food aid Colonial government = Reluctant interveners in local affairs Settler farmers = Employers of displaced Xhosa

Match the following effects of famine on Xhosa society with their implications:

Dependency on British aid = Weakened traditional leadership Resistance broken = End of conflict with settlers Acceptance of British governance = Desire for stability Population displacement = Increased labor needs on farms

Match the following key elements of the prophecy with their outcomes:

Slaughtering cattle = Lead to famine Destroying crops = Food sources depleted Rising sun in the East = Symbol of new beginnings Abundance of new resources = Unrealized hope for the future Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical shifts regarding the Xhosa with their significance:

Colonial intervention = Marked change in British-Xhosa relations Famine and aid = Increased dependency Cattle Killing's impact = Traditional leadership erosion Emerging stability = Acceptance of foreign governance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups with their actions during the Frontier Wars:

Xhosa = Sought to regain their land British = Attacked the Xhosa and forced relocation Trekboers = Engaged in competition for grazing land Khoi = Joined the Xhosa in their resistance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical terms with their descriptions:

Frontier Wars = A series of conflicts between the Xhosa and British Empire Missionaries = Individuals sent to promote the Christian faith Cattle Herders = Xhosa who worked on settler farms for goods Nongawuse's Vision = Prophecy believed to restore Xhosa power Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with their significance in the context of the Xhosa Wars:

1779 = Start of the Frontier Wars 1811-12 = British army attacked the Xhosa 1850 = Xhosa's attempt to regain their land 1857 = Xhosa had fought eight Frontier Wars Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes with their causes:

Loss of Land = Repeated attacks by the British Drought and Crop Failure = Environmental factors affecting farming Death of Cattle = Lung sickness in livestock Panic Among Settlers = Fear of revolt spreading Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the Xhosa culture with their definitions:

Cattle Farming = Primary livelihood for both Dutch and Xhosa Mission Stations = Places established by missionaries for education Grazing Land = Disputed resource between Xhosa and Dutch Visionary Prophecy = Belief influencing Xhosa actions during war Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characters with their roles in the conflict:

Nongawuse = Proclaimed the cattle-killing prophecy Xhosa Chiefs = Leaders of the Xhosa resistance British Commanders = Led troops against the Xhosa Khoi Leaders = Supported Xhosa in the fight against settlers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of farming with their characteristics:

Wool Farming = Required less labor than other types Cattle Farming = Source of competition for land Subsistence Farming = Based on planting crops for food Commercial Farming = Focused on profit from livestock and crops Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their consequences:

Relocation of the Xhosa = Loss of both land and resources Cattle-killing Movement = Belief in restored power led to famine Frontier Wars = Increased British military presence in East Cape Missionary Education = Introduction of new skills among the Xhosa Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Historical Context of Frontier Wars

Contact and conflict existed between Dutch farmers and Xhosa chiefdoms prior to British control of the Cape.
Competition for grazing land intensified as both groups were cattle farmers.
Three Frontier Wars occurred between Dutch settlers and Xhosa chiefdoms.

Frontier Wars Overview

Known as Xhosa Wars or Kaffir Wars, lasting from 1779 to 1879.
Involved the Xhosa Kingdom, British Empire, and Trekboers in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
Despite conflicts, trade and peaceful missionary activities were present.

Impact of British Intervention

To mitigate land disputes, the British forced the Xhosa to relocate east of the Fish River in 1811-12.
A large British army attacked the Xhosa, capturing cattle and escalating tensions.
Subsequent decades saw additional Frontier Wars as Xhosa resistance continued.

Xhosa Resistance and Drought

In 1850, Xhosa and Khoi allies launched an attack to reclaim their land.
Fear of job loss from expanding wool farming contributed to the uprising.
Although initially panicked, settlers faced a relentless British military response.

The Cattle Killing Prophecy

By 1857, the Xhosa faced defeat after eight Frontier Wars, drought, and cattle deaths.
A vision by Nongawuse prompted the Xhosa to kill their cattle and refrain from planting crops.
The prophecy claimed that this act would restore their power and drive settlers away.

Consequences of the Cattle Killing

Approximately 300,000 to 400,000 cattle were slaughtered based on the prophecy.
Resulted in famine leading to the death of about 20,000 Xhosa individuals.
About 30,000 Xhosa sought labor on settler farms due to resource depletion.

Shift in Xhosa-British Relations

The weakened state of Xhosa led to a dependency on British food aid.
The British government shifted from reluctant intervention to providing relief during the humanitarian crisis.
The Cattle Killing eroded traditional Xhosa leadership structures, increasing reliance on British support.

Long-term Effects

Increased acceptance of British governance among certain factions within Xhosaland amidst instability.
The event marked a significant change in the socio-political dynamics between the Xhosa and British colonizers.