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Questions and Answers

Who wrote the Leviathan (1651) as a defense for absolutist government?

John Locke

Baron de Montesquieu

Thomas Hobbes (correct)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which three topics became a major focus of the Enlightenment?

Faith, religion, spirituality

Classicism, humanism, realism

Astronomy, mathematics, physics

Authority, rights, responsibility (correct)

The quotation supports Locke's belief in:

The desire for three different branches of government

The need to keep the church separate from the state

The need for absolute rule to keep people in control

The social contract between people and government (correct)

One of Baron de Montesquieu's key ideas was:

Creating checks and balances Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the ideas of John Locke?

People are naturally reasonable Signup and view all the answers

How did the English Civil War affect the Enlightenment?

The English Civil War caused many people to question the role of government Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Governments create unequal societies Signup and view all the answers

Many Enlightenment ideas were incorporated into:

The founding documents for the United States Signup and view all the answers

Enlightenment thinkers questioned traditional ideas about:

Government Signup and view all the answers

Which list states events of the Enlightenment in the correct order?

i. The English Civil War comes to an end. ii. Locke builds on the ideas of Hobbes. iii. Montesquieu publishes Spirit of Laws. iv. Rousseau publishes The Social Contract. Signup and view all the answers

In the 1700s, an effect of the Enlightenment was:

A rise in support for representative government Signup and view all the answers

The social contract theory states that:

Citizens give up some liberties to government in exchange for protection of their self-interests Signup and view all the answers

Enlightenment thinkers rejected the concept of:

Absolutism Signup and view all the answers

Which movement happened last in Europe?

The Enlightenment Signup and view all the answers

The American Revolution subsequently inspired nineteenth-century independence movements in which part of the world?

Latin America and the Caribbean Signup and view all the answers

What purpose did the list of grievances in the Declaration of Independence serve?

The list outlined how the British broke the social contract Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains why taxation without representation was a major issue for the colonists?

The colonists equated a lack of representation with a lack of consent to be ruled Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the success of the American Revolution have internationally?

The American Revolution inspired other countries to declare independence Signup and view all the answers

How did the Constitution overcome the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

The new plan of government had a strong centralized government but protected state autonomy and rights Signup and view all the answers

Why was taxation without representation considered a violation of the social contract?

Taxation without representation indicated a lack of consent between the government and its citizens Signup and view all the answers

Montesquieu outlined a system of checks and balances that would prevent one branch of government from dominating the others. Which would be an example of checks and balances between branches?

The Supreme Court determines the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress Signup and view all the answers

American leaders sought to draft the Constitution as a new plan of government. Why had the previous plan failed?

It created a confederation with weak central power Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment philosopher promoted the principles of separation of church and state along with freedom of the press?

Voltaire Signup and view all the answers

In the era of the French Revolution, France faced many of the same issues as those faced by the colonies in the American Revolution. Which problem affected both nations?

Tyrannical monarchies in power Signup and view all the answers

The Declaration of the Rights of Man, first drafted in 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution. Which US document inspired it?

The Declaration of Independence Signup and view all the answers

The Constitution was inspired by the English Bill of Rights. Both documents limit the power of the executive branch. Which is an example of limited power in the United States?

The executive branch is prohibited from suspending laws at will Signup and view all the answers

The Boston Tea Party was the first major act of defiance by the colonists. What were the colonists protesting?

Taxation without representation Signup and view all the answers

The US Constitution was attractive to many because it outlines a representative democracy, which:

Allows citizens to vote for representatives within government Signup and view all the answers

The concept of having three branches of government—executive, judicial, and legislative—was introduced by Montesquieu. What term describes this type of governmental system?

Separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

The Declaration of the Rights of Man made all French citizens equal before the law. How did this equality contrast with the ways of the Old Regime?

The declaration abolished the three estates Signup and view all the answers

When the National Assembly broke off from the Estates-General, what was the assembly's intent?

To achieve genuine government reform Signup and view all the answers

What has the storming of the Bastille come to represent in French history?

Liberty Signup and view all the answers

Why was Louis XVI considered ineffectual?

He failed to respond to the needs of the people Signup and view all the answers

What else does the separation of powers do?

It prevents one branch from gaining too much power Signup and view all the answers

Which inequality enabled the Old Regime to maintain power for as long as it did?

Position Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes what France's Old Regime was?

A social and political system Signup and view all the answers

What did the French government do in response to a financial crisis during an era of bad harvests, famine, and rioting?

The government raised taxes Signup and view all the answers

What action made Louis XVI such an unpopular ruler?

He did not support government reform Signup and view all the answers

Under the Old Regime, the people of France belonged to one of three estates. What was the basis of these divisions?

Social class Signup and view all the answers

How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?

The colonies' victory demonstrated that a king could be defeated Signup and view all the answers

Who suffered when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes?

Only French Protestants Signup and view all the answers

The greatest accomplishment of Philip II of Spain was to

Preside over the growth of a large empire Signup and view all the answers

Because Philip II wanted a standing army, he found it necessary to

Raise taxes Signup and view all the answers

What is an armada?

A large fleet of warships Signup and view all the answers

During the 1600s, England put more power in the hands of an elected parliament. What did France do?

France put more power in the hands of its monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

The weakening of the Catholic Church's power in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s led to

A rise in the power of kings and queens. Signup and view all the answers

Peter the Great reduced the power of the boyars by

Introducing a merit system of nobility. Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from Louis XIV's constant pursuit of warfare?

France was left deeply in debt. Signup and view all the answers

Which was Peter the Great responsible for?

Turning Russia into a modern, powerful nation Signup and view all the answers

What measure did Peter the Great take to westernize his court?

He banned beards, which were a popular style at the time. Signup and view all the answers

How was Russia similar to the rest of continental Europe in the 1600s?

Russia was ruled by powerful monarchs. Signup and view all the answers

Someone who believes in divine rule believes that God

Chooses monarchs to represent him on Earth. Signup and view all the answers

Louis XIV ruled from his lavish palace located in

Versailles. Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish Inquisition grew out of Philip II's

Strong Roman Catholic beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Look at the painting of King Louis XIV of France. Which word best describes the way the king is portrayed in the painting?

Powerful Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes absolute rulers?

Absolute rulers have no checks on their power. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Peter the Great call his new capital city a 'window on Europe'?

He wanted it to reflect European culture. Signup and view all the answers

What did Spain, France, and Russia have in common during the 1500s and 1600s?

They all had absolute rulers who built strong, central governments. Signup and view all the answers

Read the speech James I made to Parliament in 1609. What argument was the king making?

Kings are God's representatives on Earth, and they should not be challenged. Signup and view all the answers

The Petition of Right (1628) resulted in the powers of the monarchy being

Limited. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to 'quarter' soldiers?

To house them in private civilians' homes Signup and view all the answers

Parliament invited William and Mary to take the English throne on the condition that they

Accept Parliament's limits on their power. Signup and view all the answers

What was so 'glorious' about the Glorious Revolution?

It set a precedent for monarchs sharing power with Parliament. Signup and view all the answers

The Magna Carta had what effect on English monarchs?

It said that monarchs had to respect certain basic rights of citizens. Signup and view all the answers

When James II became king, many people opposed him because he was a

Catholic. Signup and view all the answers

Why did James I quarrel with Parliament?

He believed in the divine right of kings. Signup and view all the answers

During the English Civil War, supporters of the king were mostly

Noblemen. Signup and view all the answers

After Charles I became king, tensions increased when he

Dissolved Parliament when members refused to give him funds. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Charles I?

He was tried and executed. Signup and view all the answers

How does a constitutional monarchy differ from an absolute monarchy?

It puts limits on the power of the king and queen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes Oliver Cromwell?

Oliver Cromwell was an enemy of the king. Signup and view all the answers

Belief in the divine rights of kings means believing that kings are chosen by

God. Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles I's fate demonstrate?

No English monarch could ignore Parliament. Signup and view all the answers

The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 contributed to what political development?

The limitation of monarchical power Signup and view all the answers

Which key concept did Charles I agree to in the Petition of Right (1628)?

No taxation without representation Signup and view all the answers

What did Parliament do soon after the death of Oliver Cromwell?

Parliament restored the monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason why some members of Parliament opposed James I?

They wanted to protect the rights that had been won with the Magna Carta. Signup and view all the answers

What event precipitated the English Civil War?

A rebellion in Scotland Signup and view all the answers

The first step in the scientific method is to

Form a hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

The geocentric theory states that the center of the universe is

Earth. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the geocentric theory?

Aristotle. Signup and view all the answers

Which completely transformed scientific study?

The Scientific Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Who challenged the Aristotelian model of a geocentric universe that began the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus Signup and view all the answers

The heliocentric theory states that the center of the universe is

The sun. Signup and view all the answers

Scientists in ancient Greece believed that

Everything in the world could be explained by logic and reason. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the Greek philosopher Socrates?

Socrates taught that reasoning was the way to truth. Signup and view all the answers

During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars made key advancements in

Astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and physics. Signup and view all the answers

How did French philosopher René Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

He developed mathematical principles. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the scientific method?

Francis Bacon Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the scientific method?

The scientific method was a new way to solve problems and do research. Signup and view all the answers

Why did many scientists reject the Copernican model when it was published?

It was a radical change in people's understanding of the universe and Earth's place in it. Signup and view all the answers

Which describes a difference between Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton?

Boyle discovered the relationship between pressure and gas volumes, while Newton discovered the law of gravity. Signup and view all the answers

In ancient Greece, Euclid contributed to a better understanding of

Mathematics. Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the three laws of planetary motion?

Johannes Kepler Signup and view all the answers

Baron de Montesquieu was an Enlightenment philosopher from

France. Signup and view all the answers

A difference between the ideas of Hobbes and Locke was that

Hobbes believed life without government was difficult, while Locke believed people have the right to rebel. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the ideas of Thomas Hobbes?

People are naturally selfish and violent. Signup and view all the answers

A political effect of the Enlightenment was that

Some monarchs embraced new ideas from the movement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Absolutism and Revolution

Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes adversely affected only French Protestants, leading to their persecution.
Philip II of Spain's greatest achievement was presiding over the growth of a large empire.
Philip II required raising taxes to fund a standing army.
An armada refers to a large fleet of warships, often used for military purposes.
In contrast to England, which empowered an elected parliament during the 1600s, France centralized power in the monarchy under Louis XIV.
The weakening of the Catholic Church in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s contributed to a rise in monarchical power.
Peter the Great of Russia diminished the power of the boyars by introducing a merit system of nobility.
Louis XIV's relentless warfare left France deeply in debt.
Peter the Great's reforms transformed Russia into a modern, powerful nation.
To westernize his court, Peter the Great banned beards, reflecting a shift towards European cultural practices.
Russia shared similarities with continental Europe in the 1600s, notably being ruled by powerful monarchs.
Belief in divine right posits that God chooses monarchs to represent Him on Earth.
Louis XIV's court was centered in the extravagant palace of Versailles.
The Spanish Inquisition stemmed from Philip II's strong Catholic convictions.
Visual representations of Louis XIV often portray him as powerful, emphasizing his authority.
Absolute rulers operate without checks on their power, unlike constitutional monarchs.
Peter the Great wanted to establish a "window on Europe" in St. Petersburg to reflect European culture.
Spain, France, and Russia shared the commonality of having absolute rulers who established strong central governments during the 1500s and 1600s.
James I argued that kings are God's representatives on Earth and should not be challenged by Parliament.
The Petition of Right (1628) limited the powers of the monarchy.
Quartering soldiers refers to housing them in private civilians' homes.
William and Mary were invited to rule England under the condition of accepting parliamentary limits on their power.
The Glorious Revolution set a precedent for shared power between monarchs and Parliament.
The Magna Carta established that monarchs must respect certain basic rights of citizens.
James II faced opposition due to his Catholic faith.
James I clashed with Parliament due to his belief in the divine right of kings.
Supporters of the king during the English Civil War were primarily noblemen.
Tensions escalated under Charles I when he dissolved Parliament after being denied funding.
Charles I was tried and executed, marking a significant moment in English history.
A constitutional monarchy limits the power of the king and queen, contrasting with an absolute monarchy.
Oliver Cromwell was known as an enemy of the king during the English Civil War.
Divine rights of kings implies that kings are chosen by God.
The fate of Charles I demonstrated that no English monarch could ignore Parliament.
The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 contributed to limiting monarchical power.
Charles I accepted the principle of no taxation without representation in the Petition of Right.
After Cromwell's death, Parliament restored the monarchy.
Members of Parliament opposed James I to protect rights established by the Magna Carta.
A rebellion in Scotland triggered the English Civil War.
The first step in the scientific method is forming a hypothesis.
The geocentric theory posits that the Earth is the center of the universe.
Aristotle developed the geocentric theory, influential in ancient science.
The Scientific Revolution marked a transformation in scientific study.
Copernicus challenged the geocentric model, sparking the Scientific Revolution.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, placing the sun at the center of the universe.
Ancient Greek scientists believed that logic and reason could explain the world.
Socrates emphasized reasoning as a path to truth.
Islamic scholars advanced knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and physics during the Middle Ages.
René Descartes contributed to the Scientific Revolution by developing mathematical principles.
Francis Bacon is credited with creating the scientific method, a systematic approach to research.
The scientific method revolutionized problem-solving and research methodologies.
Many scientists initially rejected Copernicus' model due to its radical implications for understanding the universe.
Robert Boyle discovered the relationship between pressure and gas volumes, while Isaac Newton formulated the law of gravity.
Euclid made significant contributions to mathematics in ancient Greece.
Johannes Kepler is recognized for discovering the three laws of planetary motion.
Baron de Montesquieu, an Enlightenment philosopher from France, advocated for checks and balances within government.
A key difference between Hobbes and Locke is that Hobbes viewed life without government as difficult, while Locke believed in the right to rebel.
Hobbes characterized people as naturally selfish and violent.
The Enlightenment saw some monarchs embrace emerging ideas about governance and rights.
Thomas Hobbes defended absolutism in his work "Leviathan" (1651).
Authority, rights, and responsibility were central themes of the Enlightenment.
John Locke's philosophy supported the social contract between the government and the governed, emphasizing freedom and law.### English Civil War and Enlightenment Thinkers
The English Civil War questioned government roles, inspiring Enlightenment thinkers to promote new ideas.
Key concept of absolutism gained traction during the war, supported by Enlightenment philosophy.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Philosophy

Rousseau argued that governments create unequal societies.
Central belief: citizens give up some freedoms for protection of their self-interests under social contract theory.

Influence of Enlightenment on Governance

Many Enlightenment ideas became foundational in the United States' founding documents.
Thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau questioned traditional governance structures.

Timeline of Enlightenment Events

Correct sequence: English Civil War ends, Locke builds on Hobbes' ideas, Montesquieu publishes "Spirit of Laws," Rousseau publishes "The Social Contract."

Rise of Representative Government

The Enlightenment era led to increased support for representative democracy.
Philosophers emphasized individual rights and the necessity of social contracts between citizens and government.

Principles of Checks and Balances

Montesquieu's theory defines checks and balances to prevent government power consolidation.
Example: The Supreme Court reviews laws deemed unconstitutional.

Taxation without Representation

Colonists viewed taxation without representation as a breach of their social contract and a denial of consent.
Key events like the Boston Tea Party symbolized resistance against such taxation.

US Constitution and Government Reform

The Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation, addressing its weaknesses by creating a stronger central government while preserving state rights.

Enlightenment Ideas in Action

Voltaire advocated for the separation of church and state and freedom of the press.
The Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Impact of the American Revolution

The success of the American Revolution inspired independence movements in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Colonies' grievances against British rule reflected similar struggles in France during the French Revolution.

French Revolution Context

The Old Regime divided society into three estates based on social class, reinforcing political and economic inequalities.
The storming of the Bastille became a symbol of the fight for liberty in France.

Louis XVI's Unpopularity

Louis XVI faced criticism for failing to respond to the populace's needs and not supporting necessary governmental reforms.
Tax increases during famine added to dissatisfaction, amplifying calls for revolution.

Legacy of Enlightenment Thinkers

The Enlightenment reshaped political thought, advocating for liberty, equality, and representative governance that influenced both the American and French Revolutions.
The new governmental structure aimed to prevent abuse of power through separation of powers and checks on each branch.

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