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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Which plasma protein plays a crucial role in blood clot formation?
Which plasma protein plays a crucial role in blood clot formation?
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
Which component constitutes the majority of blood volume?
Which component constitutes the majority of blood volume?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin in adult males?
What condition is characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin in adult males?
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What is the osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins at capillary level?
What is the osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins at capillary level?
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What is the normal range for hemoglobin content in adult females?
What is the normal range for hemoglobin content in adult females?
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Which plasma protein is primarily associated with immunity?
Which plasma protein is primarily associated with immunity?
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After the age of 20 years, where is red bone marrow primarily found?
After the age of 20 years, where is red bone marrow primarily found?
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What nutritional factor is NOT essential for erythropoiesis?
What nutritional factor is NOT essential for erythropoiesis?
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The life span of granulocytes is approximately how many days?
The life span of granulocytes is approximately how many days?
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Which type of immunity relies on B lymphocytes?
Which type of immunity relies on B lymphocytes?
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What is the function of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the function of neutrophils in the immune response?
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Cytotoxic T-cells are primarily responsible for which of the following?
Cytotoxic T-cells are primarily responsible for which of the following?
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What type of cells does innate immunity involve?
What type of cells does innate immunity involve?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a mechanical barrier in innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT considered a mechanical barrier in innate immunity?
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What is the primary function of blood platelets in hemostasis?
What is the primary function of blood platelets in hemostasis?
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Which substance do platelets release to initiate vascular spasm?
Which substance do platelets release to initiate vascular spasm?
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The absence of which mineral prevents blood clotting?
The absence of which mineral prevents blood clotting?
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What is the lifespan of a blood platelet?
What is the lifespan of a blood platelet?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency of blood platelets, leading to a count below 50,000/mm3?
What condition is characterized by a deficiency of blood platelets, leading to a count below 50,000/mm3?
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Which vitamin is essential for the formation of certain clotting factors in hemostasis?
Which vitamin is essential for the formation of certain clotting factors in hemostasis?
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What is the main factor that distinguishes Hemophilia A from other bleeding disorders?
What is the main factor that distinguishes Hemophilia A from other bleeding disorders?
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What role do phospholipids released by platelets play in blood coagulation?
What role do phospholipids released by platelets play in blood coagulation?
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Study Notes
Blood Physiology
- Blood is part of the extracellular fluid (ECF) circulating within the cardiovascular system.
- Blood volume averages about 80 ml/kg (5-5.5 liters).
General Functions of Blood
- Transport: Carries oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), nutrients, and hormones. Also removes waste products.
- Regulatory Functions: Regulates blood pH, body temperature, and blood pressure (ABP).
- Protective Functions: Involves gamma globulins (forming antibodies for immunity), white blood cells (WBCs) phagocytosing microorganisms, and clotting factors preventing blood loss.
Composition of Blood
- Plasma (55%): Fluid component of blood.
- Blood Cells (45%): Cellular components.
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs):
- Normal Count:
- Child: 3.5-4.5 million/mm³
- Adult Male: 5-5.5 million/mm³
- Adult Female: 4.5-5 million/mm³
- Life Span: Approximately 120 days.
- Contents: Hemoglobin (34% of RBC volume), no nucleus or mitochondria.
- Normal Hemoglobin Content:
- Adult Male: 14-18 g/dL
- Child (5 years): 12 g/dL
- Adult Female: 12-16 g/dL
- Newborn: 18 g/dL
- Anemia: Hemoglobin deficiency (<14 g/dL for men, <12 g/dL for women).
- Polycythemia: Increase in RBC count above normal (6-8 million/mm³).
- Erythropoiesis: Process of RBC production.
- Sites: Red bone marrow (all bones in children, limited in adults).
- Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis:
- Oxygen supply (low O2 stimulates RBC production)
- Nutrients (protein, minerals – iron, copper, cobalt, vitamins – B12, folic acid), Hormones (thyroid hormone, androgens)
- Healthy bone marrow and liver essential.
- White Blood Cells (WBCs):
- Total Count: 4,000-11,000/mm³
- Types: Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes).
- Platelets:
- Shape: Oval or round discs, non-nucleated.
- Count: 150,000-400,000/mm³
- Life Span: 10 days.
- Functions: Important in hemostasis (blood clotting).
- Induces vascular spasm.
- Formation of primary platelet plug.
- Release of platelet phospholipids (e.g., Pf3).
- Stabilization of the blood clot (e.g., fibrin-stabilizing factor).
- Clot retraction (Ca2+).
- Repair damaged blood vessel wall.
Plasma Proteins
- Concentration: 6-8 g/dL.
- Types: Albumin, globulins (including gamma globulins), fibrinogen, clotting factors, and hormones. -Most plasma proteins, apart from gamma globulins, are produced in the liver.
- Functions: Blood viscosity, osmotic pressure, transport of hormones and vitamins, blood clot formation, and immunity.
Blood Immunity
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Innate Immunity (Non-specific): First line of defense.
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Mechanical barriers (skin, GI tract lining)
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Chemical barriers (mucous secretions, stomach acid)
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Non-specific cellular defense mechanisms (phagocytes, natural killer cells).
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Acquired Immunity (Specific): Adaptive immunity.
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Depends on B and T lymphocytes.
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Responds specifically to antigens (bacteria, viruses, tumor cells).
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Types:
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Humoral Immunity: B lymphocytes produce antibodies.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity: T lymphocytes directly attack infected cells.
Hemostasis
- Definition: Stoppage of bleeding from injured blood vessels.
- Steps: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clot formation (coagulation).
- Blood clot Formation(Coagulation):
- Prothrombin activator complex formation.
- Prothrombin conversion to thrombin.
- Fibrinogen conversion into fibrin threads.
Bleeding Disorders
- Purpura: Deficiency in blood platelets
- Hemophilia: Congenital deficiency of clotting factors (sex-linked recessive).
- Hemophilia A
- Hemophilia B
- Hemophilia C
Factors Affecting Hemostasis
- Calcium (Ca2+)
- Vitamin K (Crucial for clotting factors)
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