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Questions and Answers
Which imaging technique is commonly used to diagnos xerostomia?
Which imaging technique is commonly used to diagnos xerostomia?
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Computed Tomography (CT) scan
- Sialography (correct)
Histopathology is used to examine which aspect of xerostomia?
Histopathology is used to examine which aspect of xerostomia?
- Salivary flow rate
- Salivary duct obstruction
- Tissue changes and inflammation (correct)
- Salivary gland function
What is a common complication of xerostomia?
What is a common complication of xerostomia?
- Cavities
- Gingivitis
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
- All of the above (correct)
What is the primary consequence of ionizing radiation on salivary glands?
What is the primary consequence of ionizing radiation on salivary glands?
Which medication can help prevent mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
Which medication can help prevent mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
What genetic influence is associated with Sjögren Syndrome?
What genetic influence is associated with Sjögren Syndrome?
What is the recommended treatment for xerostomia and radiation caries?
What is the recommended treatment for xerostomia and radiation caries?
What is the purpose of using tongue blades in patients with trismus?
What is the purpose of using tongue blades in patients with trismus?
What is the name of the syndrome characterized by defects of 1st/2nd branchial arch structures?
What is the name of the syndrome characterized by defects of 1st/2nd branchial arch structures?
What is the mode of inheritance of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is the mode of inheritance of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is the name of the syndrome characterized by asymmetric development of facial structures?
What is the name of the syndrome characterized by asymmetric development of facial structures?
What mutation is associated with Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome?
What mutation is associated with Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome?
What is the mode of inheritance of Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome?
What is the mode of inheritance of Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome?
What is the treatment for severe Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is the treatment for severe Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is a common feature of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is a common feature of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis?
What is the primary focus of sialography in Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the primary focus of sialography in Sjögren's syndrome?
Which antibody is commonly tested in laboratory tests for Sjögren's syndrome?
Which antibody is commonly tested in laboratory tests for Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the characteristic finding in a lower lip minor gland biopsy for Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the characteristic finding in a lower lip minor gland biopsy for Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the primary advantage of using imaging techniques in Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the primary advantage of using imaging techniques in Sjögren's syndrome?
Which of the following is a feature of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjögren's syndrome?
Which of the following is a feature of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjögren's syndrome?
Which of the following is a characteristic finding on sialography in Sjögren's syndrome?
Which of the following is a characteristic finding on sialography in Sjögren's syndrome?
What is the characteristic feature of granulomatous inflammation in Sarcoidosis?
What is the characteristic feature of granulomatous inflammation in Sarcoidosis?
What is the initial treatment approach for Sarcoidosis?
What is the initial treatment approach for Sarcoidosis?
What is the proportion of HIV-infected patients affected by HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
What is the proportion of HIV-infected patients affected by HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
What is the treatment approach for HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
What is the treatment approach for HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
What is the prognosis of Sarcoidosis?
What is the prognosis of Sarcoidosis?
What is the complication of HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
What is the complication of HIV-associated salivary gland disease?
Study Notes
Xerostomia
- Defined as dry mouth or the sensation of dry mouth
- Associated complications: dental caries, mucositis, fungal infections, and swallowing difficulties
- Differential diagnosis: Sjögren syndrome, medication-induced xerostomia, HIV-associated salivary gland disease, and sarcoidosis
- Management: sugar-free gum, salivary substitutes, fluoride supplements, and patient education
Salivary Glands
- Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
- Minor salivary glands: located throughout the oral cavity, except for the anterior hard palate and gingiva
- Effects of radiation on salivary glands: ionizing radiation causes cell damage, leading to acinar atrophy, vascular damage, and fibrosis
Sjögren Syndrome
- Chronic autoimmune disorder involving salivary and lacrimal glands
- Clinical subtypes: primary and secondary
- Etiology: unknown, with genetic influences (HLA-DRw52, HLA-B8, HLA-DR3)
- Epidemiology: affects 0.5% of the US population
- Clinical features: xerostomia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and parotid gland enlargement
- Laboratory tests: serum IgG, RF, ANA, anti-SS-A, and anti-SS-B autoantibodies
- Sialography: punctate sialectasia, giving a "fruit-laden, branchless tree" appearance
- Histopathology: focal aggregates of lymphocytes in the lower lip minor gland biopsy
Salivary Gland Aplasia
- Isolated or syndrome-associated (e.g., mandibulofacial dysostosis, hemifacial microsomia, LADD syndrome)
- Examples: Treacher Collins syndrome, hemifacial microsomia, and Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome
Other Conditions
- Sarcoidosis: non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation
- Diagnosis: clinical findings, biopsy, radiographic imaging, elevated serum ACE, and minor salivary gland biopsy
- Treatment: corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, and TNF-alpha inhibitors
- Prognosis: variable, with 60% spontaneous resolution within 2 years and 4-10% mortality
- HIV-associated salivary gland disease:
- Affects 5-10% of HIV-infected patients
- Bilateral parotid gland enlargement, lymphoepithelial cysts, and diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis
- Treatment: antiretroviral therapy, sialogogues, and prednisone
- Prognosis: risk of lymphoma
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