lecture 28 part 2- immunology
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What is a significant immunological challenge faced by xenogeneic transplantation?

  • High risk of infection transmission
  • Compatibility issues between donor and recipient
  • High risk of rejection (correct)
  • Potential for graft-versus-host disease

    • In blood transfusion, what is an important consideration to minimize adverse reactions?

  • Matching blood types exactly (correct)
  • Ensuring a temperature-controlled environment
  • Administering multiple blood units quickly
  • Storing blood for a longer duration

    • Individuals who don’t express a particular AB antigen produce what type of natural antibodies?

  • IgA antibodies
  • IgE antibodies
  • IgG antibodies
  • IgM antibodies (correct)

    • What is a potential complication of ABO donor-recipient mismatch in transplantation?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of careful matching between donor and recipient in HSC transplantation?

    <p>Minimizing the risk of GVHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge when it comes to immune response in xenogeneic transplantation?

    <p>Differences in cell surface antigens between individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's blood type in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Specific carbohydrate chains on the surface of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are naturally produced in the plasma against antigens that are absent on an individual's red blood cells?

    <p>IgM antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a mismatch in the ABO blood group system between a donor and a recipient during a blood transfusion?

    <p>The recipient may produce antibodies against donor's antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of transplantation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Blood transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can individuals with type A blood receive from?

    <p>Type O donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an ABO donor-recipient mismatch in blood transfusions?

    <p>Increased risk of adverse reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can individuals with type O blood receive from?

    <p>Type O donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the alleles responsible for the A antigen and the B antigen, respectively?

    <p>A &amp; B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are glycosyltransferase enzymes encoded?

    <p>Chromosome 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges faced during HSC transplantation, as described in the text?

    <p>Rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood transfusions, what can be a life-threatening consequence of ABO incompatibility?

    <p>Graft vs. Host Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diseases can be treated by HSC transplantation, based on the information provided?

    <p>Blood-related diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of accurately determining blood types in the context of blood transfusions?

    <p>Preventing severe transfusion reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where can hematopoietic stem cells be sourced for transplantation?

    <p>Umbilical cord blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind individuals with type AB blood being universal recipients?

    <p>They do not produce anti-A or anti-B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can individuals with type O blood only donate to individuals of any blood type?

    <p>They produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during an ABO donor-recipient mismatch in blood transfusion?

    <p>Pre-existing IgMs bind to 'foreign' antigen on donor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hemolysis of RBCs during an ABO donor-recipient mismatch?

    <p>Release of large amount of hemoglobin toxic to kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innate response seen during ABO incompatibility in blood transfusion?

    <p>Fever, shock, disseminated coagulation via cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies do Type A individuals naturally produce?

    <p>Anti-B antibodies (IgM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Type AB individuals not produce natural anti-A or anti-B antibodies?

    <p>They express both A and B antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type naturally produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies do Type B individuals naturally produce?

    <p>Anti-A antibodies (IgM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the ABO blood group system for safe blood transfusions?

    <p>To minimize the risk of adverse reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of stem cells historically used for transplantation?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is performed first in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

    <p>Destroying recipient's existing stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

    <p>Possibility of rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises when the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues post-transplant?

    <p>Graft-versus-host disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to an increased risk of infections during the transplant process?

    <p>Decreased immune system due to chemotherapy/radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are eliminated in the first step of the transplantation procedure?

    <p>Recipient's hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the recipient's immune system recognizes the donor's stem cells as foreign?

    <p>Rejection of donor stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would the transplant fail to restore normal immune function?

    <p>'Immunodeficiency' post-transplant for the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alloreactive antibodies primarily engage effector mechanisms?

    <p>Via engagement of complement or Fc receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tissue rejection, which cells are the prime target of graft alloantibodies?

    <p>Endothelial cells in graft vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the direct and indirect pathways of alloantigen presentation to recipient T cells?

    <p>Direct pathway does not involve antigen processing by recipient APCs, while indirect pathway does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of alloantigen presentation involves donor dendritic cells directly presenting antigens to recipient T cells?

    <p>Direct Route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do antigens presented by both donor and recipient APCs travel to for presentation to naive T cells?

    <p>Lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MHC molecules are most frequently recognized by alloantibodies produced by alloreactive B cells?

    <p>Class II MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tissue rejection, what initiates the activation of alloreactive T cells in the direct pathway of antigen presentation?

    <p>Donor dendritic cells directly presenting antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cells directly attack and kill graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens?

    <p>CD8+ cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD4+ helper T cells in the rejection of transplanted tissue?

    <p>Inducing inflammation and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of antibodies produced by alloreactive B cells in response to alloantigens?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the vasculature of the transplanted tissue a prime target for the recipient's immune response?

    <p>To compromise blood flow to the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are responsible for recruiting complement proteins and further exacerbating tissue damage?

    <p>Alloreactive B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of alloreactive T cell activation in response to alloantigens?

    <p>Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells contribute to tissue rejection in transplantation?

    <p>By directly attacking and killing graft tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies produced by alloreactive B cells against MHC proteins?

    <p>Recruiting complement proteins and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of CD4+ helper T cells in the immune response against transplanted tissue?

    <p>Inducing inflammation and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the rejection of transplanted tissue?

    <p>Directly attacking and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an attack on the vasculature of transplanted tissue by the recipient's immune system?

    <p>Compromised blood flow to the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alloreactive B cells in response to alloantigens in transplanted tissue rejection?

    <p>Producing antibodies targeting MHC proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are a prime target for the recipient's immune response in transplanted tissue rejection?

    <p>Endothelial cells lining blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of the production of antibodies targeting MHC proteins on donated tissue?

    <p>Exacerbating tissue damage and rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do CD4+ helper T cells contribute to tissue damage in transplanted tissue rejection?

    <p>Inducing inflammation and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial aspect related to donated tissue that leads to immune responses and ultimately, rejection?

    <p>Expression of MHC proteins on graft cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do activated effector T cells primarily contribute to transplanted tissue rejection?

    <p>Engaging in various effector functions such as direct attack on graft cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of alloantigen presentation, which cells capture and process donor alloantigens in the indirect pathway?

    <p>Recipient dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of donor dendritic cells in alloantigen presentation in the direct pathway?

    <p>Carry antigens from donated tissue and present them to recipient T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of alloreactive antibodies produced by B cells?

    <p>Class I and Class II MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response outcome occurs when alloantigens are directly presented to recipient T cells?

    <p>Alloreactive T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of naive T cells in the lymph node response to presented antigens?

    <p>Undergo activation upon antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MHC molecules are expressed by endothelial cells in the context of transplantation?

    <p>Class I MHC only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of alloreactive antibodies engaging complement as an effector mechanism?

    <p>Tissue damage through complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when processed donor alloantigens are presented to recipient T cells in the indirect pathway?

    <p>Activation of recipient T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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