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Questions and Answers

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?

  • A mosquito
  • Airborne droplets
  • An infected toy (correct)
  • A contaminated water supply

    • Which of the following would be considered a vector?

  • A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food (correct)
  • An infected toy
  • A needle stick injury
  • Contaminated water

    • When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered?

    Contact transmission

    Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

    <p>Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

    <p>The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expected prevalence of a disease is?

    <p>The expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?

    <p>The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be?

    <p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases.

    <p>The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from an experiment where a rabbit has floppy ear disease but a healthy mouse inoculated with the microorganism shows no disease?

    <p>Microorganism X might not be linked to floppy ear disease, because the inoculated mouse remained healthy. A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch Postulate Benefits

    <p>The steps are designed to systematically link a pathogen to a specific infectious disease. Laboratory findings provide experimental evidence that support the germ theory of disease. Healthy, susceptible animals can be used as model organisms for testing many types of infections, thus avoiding the unethical inoculation of healthy human hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch Postulate Limitations

    <p>Different pathogens can produce the same signs and symptoms, making it difficult to determine which microorganism is causing a disease. Some pathogens cause several different diseases, which makes it difficult to link one pathogen to one disease using Koch's postulates. Some infectious agents have specific growth requirements that prevent them from being artificially cultured in the laboratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?

    <p>Bacteremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?

    <p>Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?

    <p>These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

    <p>Practice more stringent aseptic techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The health of the patient should be?

    <p>The primary concern of the healthcare worker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?

    <p>They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, they should?

    <p>Immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?

    <p>Single-use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disease Transmission

    • A fomite is an inanimate object, such as an infected toy, that can harbor pathogens and lead to disease transmission.
    • A vector is an organism, like a fly, that carries pathogens from one host to another, transferring disease (e.g., from fecal matter to food).
    • Aerosols with pathogens spreading disease at distance shorter than one meter fall under contact transmission.
    • Major disease transmission categories include contact, vehicle, and vector transmission.
    • Vehicle transmission can occur through means like contaminated food, exemplified by Listeria on undercooked chicken.

    Disease Prevalence Definitions

    • Expected prevalence refers to the anticipated occurrence of a disease, based on historical data.
    • Endemic diseases occur at stable rates in defined areas, while epidemic diseases occur at higher-than-expected rates in specific regions.

    Koch's Postulates

    • Koch's postulates are criteria to establish a causative relationship between a pathogen and disease:
      • The same pathogen must be present in every case.
      • The pathogen should be isolated from a diseased host and cultured.
      • It must cause disease when introduced to a healthy host.
      • The original pathogen must be isolated again from the newly infected host.
    • Benefits of Koch's postulates include systematically linking pathogens to diseases, supporting germ theory, and enabling safe animal testing.

    Limitations of Koch's Postulates

    • Multiple pathogens can exhibit similar symptoms, complicating identification.
    • Some pathogens are associated with multiple diseases.
    • Certain infectious agents have specific growth needs that hinder laboratory cultivation.

    Nosocomial Infections

    • Surgical infections constitute 20% of all nosocomial infections.
    • Bacteremia is a common nosocomial infection resulting from intravenous catheterization.
    • Patients not treated with antibiotics can be exposed through environmental sources, such as aerosolized antibiotics.
    • Invasive procedures increase the risk of nosocomial infections by allowing skin flora access to the bloodstream.

    Infection Control in Healthcare

    • Healthcare workers can minimize nosocomial infections by employing stringent aseptic techniques.
    • The health and safety of patients should always be prioritized by healthcare personnel.
    • Surgeons should limit invasive procedures to only necessary situations to reduce infection risks.
    • Patients should report any observed non-compliance with sanitation protocols by healthcare workers.
    • Single-use catheters are a key characteristic that can help minimize nosocomial infection spread.
    • Proper hand washing is essential; both patients and healthcare workers should wash hands frequently before and after interactions.

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