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Questions and Answers
Which of the following would be considered a fomite?
Which of the following would be considered a fomite?
- A mosquito
- Airborne droplets
- An infected toy (correct)
- A contaminated water supply
Which of the following would be considered a vector?
Which of the following would be considered a vector?
- A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food (correct)
- An infected toy
- A needle stick injury
- Contaminated water
When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered?
When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered?
Contact transmission
Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?
Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?
Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?
Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?
Expected prevalence of a disease is?
Expected prevalence of a disease is?
In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?
In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?
If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be?
If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be?
Identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases.
Identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases.
What conclusion can be drawn from an experiment where a rabbit has floppy ear disease but a healthy mouse inoculated with the microorganism shows no disease?
What conclusion can be drawn from an experiment where a rabbit has floppy ear disease but a healthy mouse inoculated with the microorganism shows no disease?
Koch Postulate Benefits
Koch Postulate Benefits
Koch Postulate Limitations
Koch Postulate Limitations
Surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?
Surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?
What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?
How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?
Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?
How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?
The health of the patient should be?
The health of the patient should be?
How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?
How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?
If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, they should?
If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, they should?
Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.
Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.
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Study Notes
Disease Transmission
- A fomite is an inanimate object, such as an infected toy, that can harbor pathogens and lead to disease transmission.
- A vector is an organism, like a fly, that carries pathogens from one host to another, transferring disease (e.g., from fecal matter to food).
- Aerosols with pathogens spreading disease at distance shorter than one meter fall under contact transmission.
- Major disease transmission categories include contact, vehicle, and vector transmission.
- Vehicle transmission can occur through means like contaminated food, exemplified by Listeria on undercooked chicken.
Disease Prevalence Definitions
- Expected prevalence refers to the anticipated occurrence of a disease, based on historical data.
- Endemic diseases occur at stable rates in defined areas, while epidemic diseases occur at higher-than-expected rates in specific regions.
Koch's Postulates
- Koch's postulates are criteria to establish a causative relationship between a pathogen and disease:
- The same pathogen must be present in every case.
- The pathogen should be isolated from a diseased host and cultured.
- It must cause disease when introduced to a healthy host.
- The original pathogen must be isolated again from the newly infected host.
- Benefits of Koch's postulates include systematically linking pathogens to diseases, supporting germ theory, and enabling safe animal testing.
Limitations of Koch's Postulates
- Multiple pathogens can exhibit similar symptoms, complicating identification.
- Some pathogens are associated with multiple diseases.
- Certain infectious agents have specific growth needs that hinder laboratory cultivation.
Nosocomial Infections
- Surgical infections constitute 20% of all nosocomial infections.
- Bacteremia is a common nosocomial infection resulting from intravenous catheterization.
- Patients not treated with antibiotics can be exposed through environmental sources, such as aerosolized antibiotics.
- Invasive procedures increase the risk of nosocomial infections by allowing skin flora access to the bloodstream.
Infection Control in Healthcare
- Healthcare workers can minimize nosocomial infections by employing stringent aseptic techniques.
- The health and safety of patients should always be prioritized by healthcare personnel.
- Surgeons should limit invasive procedures to only necessary situations to reduce infection risks.
- Patients should report any observed non-compliance with sanitation protocols by healthcare workers.
- Single-use catheters are a key characteristic that can help minimize nosocomial infection spread.
- Proper hand washing is essential; both patients and healthcare workers should wash hands frequently before and after interactions.
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